This paper provides a systematic review of emerging control techniques used for railway virtual coupling (VC) studies. Train motion models are first reviewed, including model formulations and force elements involved. Control objectives typical design constraints then elaborated. Next, existing VC surveyed classified into five groups: consensus-based control, prediction sliding mode machine lear...

Optimal controllers can enhance buildings’ energy efficiency by taking forecast and uncertainties into account (e.g., weather occupancy). This practice results in savings making better use of systems within the buildings. Even though benefits advanced optimal have been demonstrated several research studies some demonstration cases, adoption these techniques built environment remains somewhat li...