Soft-call” in convertible bonds (CBs) usually means that the bond can be recalled by the issuer only if the stock price has previously closed above a specified trigger price for any 20 out of any 30 consecutive trading days. It is not an easy optionality to value and to my knowledge no method has been implemented besides Monte Carlo. The problem is not very well suited to Monte Carlo due to a l...

In 1990, Boyar, Chaum, Damg̊ard and Pedersen introduced convertible undeniable signatures which limit the self-authenticating property of digital signatures but can be converted by the signer to ordinary signatures. Michels, Petersen and Horster presented, in 1996, an attack on the El Gamal-based seminal scheme of Boyar et al. and proposed a repaired version without formal security analysis. In ...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a gradually progressing neurodegenerative irreversible disorder. Mild cognitive impairment convertible (MCIc) the clinical forerunner of AD. Precise diagnosis MCIc essential for effective treatments to reduce rate disease. The other states included in this study are mild non-convertible (MCInc) and cognitively normal (CN). MCInc stage which aged people suffer from me...

OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to investigate the incidence of child restraint system (CRS) misuse and/or inappropriate use of CRS through an Australian CRS inspection program conducted by CRS fitting specialists between October 2004 and October 2011 and to determine whether CRS misuse and/or inappropriate use of CRS changed following new Australian legislation regarding CRS and motor vehicl...

Recent progress in membrane bioenergetics studies has resulted in the important discovery that Na+ can effectively substitute for H+ as the energy coupling ion. This means that living cells can possess three convertible energy currencies, i.e. ATP, protonic and sodium potentials. Analysis of interrelations of these components in various types of living cells allows bioenergetic laws of universa...

With the development of a novel microwave-assisted one-pot tandem de-tert-butylation of tert-butyl amine in an Ugi-type multicomponent reaction product, tert-butyl isocyanide as a useful convertible isonitrile has been explored for the first time affording access to molecular diversity of pharmaceutically-important polycyclic N-fused imidazo-heterocycles.

Optical switches and wavelength converters are recognized as two of the most important DWDM system components in future all-optical networks. Optical switches perform the key functions of flexible routing, reconfigurable optical cross-connect (OXC), network protection and restoration, etc. in optical networks. Wavelength Converters are used to shift one incoming wavelength to another outgoing w...

NfsB is an oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase of Escherichia coli with significant amino acid sequence homology to the major flavin reductase (FRase I) of Vibrio fischeri. Here, we show that NfsB is convertible to an FRase I-like flavin reductase three times as active as the authentic FRase I by a single amino acid substitution in the least-conserved region.

A convertible (callable) bond is a security that the holder can convert into a specified number of underlying shares. In addition, the issuer can recall the bond, paying some compensation, or force the holder to convert it immediately. We give an explicit solution to the corresponding optimal stopping game in the context of a reduced form model driven by a Brownian motion and a compound Poisson...

The creation of reliable instrumentation for performing complex reflectance and transmittance measurements of dielectrics, metals, and superconductors in the frequency range from 60 GHz to 1.5 THz is reported. The system allows continuous variation of the THz radiation incidence angle from 25° to 80° without major realignment of the optics and provides the signal-to-noise ratio of 1000:1. © 200...