Background: According to the spread and popularity of social networks easy access them through smartphones, impact these networks’ long-term application consequences, including psychological vulnerability, could not be ignored. Objectives: The present study investigated mediating role using smartphone considering personality traits vulnerability. Methods: research population included all users ...

The causal Markov condition (CMC) plays an important role in much recent work on the problem of causal inference from statistical data. It is commonly thought that the CMC is a more problematic assumption for genuinely indeterministic systems than for deterministic ones. In this essay, I critically examine this proposition. I show how the usual motivation for the CMC—that it is true of any acyc...

This paper argues that the current way in which the undergraduate introductory econometrics course is taught is neither inline with current empirical practice nor very intuitive. It proposes a shift in focus of the course on causal inference using the Roy-Rubin Causal Model (RRCM). A second theme of the paper is the suggestion to use random regressors from the start to improve the ability of st...

We propose a framework for general-purpose imitation learning centered on cause-effect reasoning. Our approach infers a hierarchical representation of a demonstrator’s intentions, which can explain why they acted as they did. This enables rapid generalization of the observed actions to new situations. We employ a novel causal inference algorithm with formal guarantees and connections to automat...

Current research on qualitative spatial representation and reasoning mainly focuses on one single aspect of space. In real world applications, however, multiple spatial aspects are often involved simultaneously. This paper investigates problems arising in reasoning with combined topological and directional information. We use the RCC8 algebra and the Rectangle Algebra (RA) for expressing topolo...

This paper develops Probabilistic Hybrid Action Models (PHAMs), a realistic causal model for predicting the behavior generated by modern concurrent percept-driven robot plans. PHAMs represent aspects of robot behavior that cannot be represented by most action models used in AI planning: the temporal structure of continuous control processes, their non-deterministic effects, and several modes of...

Practice and training usually lead to performance increase in a given task. In addition, a shift from intentional toward more automatic processing mechanisms is often observed. It is currently debated whether automatic and intentional processing is subserved by the same or by different mechanism(s), and whether the same or different regions in the brain are recruited. Previous correlational evi...

Studies on the effect of iron deficiency on children’s cognition and behavior are selectively reviewed, looking for evidence of a causal relationship. Most correlational studies have found associations between irondeficiency anemia and poor cognitive and motor development and behavioral problems. Longitudinal studies consistently indicate that children anemic in infancy continue to have poorer ...

Correlational research suggests that men show greater attraction to feminine female faces when their testosterone (T) levels are high. Men's preferences for feminine faces also seem to vary as a function of relationship context (short versus long-term). However, the relationship between T and preferences for female facial femininity has yet to be tested experimentally. In the current paper, we ...