"Egypt is one of the most countries that face the problem of drug counterfeit, counterfeit trade is near to 1 billion LE, out of 12 billion LE the volume of drug market trade in Egypt" As announced by the official speaker of the ministry of Health and Population in Egypt. Hence, it can be seen that the drug counterfeit problem is a threatening problem nationally and internationally. Due to the ...

Counterfeit integrated circuits become a big challenge for the whole electronic industry. The use of electronic counterfeits can cause reduced performance of circuits, or failure of the whole system. New efficient approaches of counterfeit device detection are always required. Since the electromagnetic emission level of integrated devices depends on various circuit parameters like technology, m...

the purpose of this report is to present the results of analysis of actual glucosamine and/or chondroitin contents of several such products in the market place and to determine if they significantly deviate from their label claim. a total of fourteen products containing glucosamine sulfate and nine products containing chondroitin sulfate were evaluated. the amounts of glucosamine and chondroiti...

AIM To report the main differences seen by direct visual inspection between original and counterfeit Reciproc instruments, together with an evaluation of instrument bending resistance, cyclic fatigue, surface finish, Vickers microhardness and chemical composition. METHODOLOGY The visual aspects of original Reciproc R25 (VDW, Munich, Germany) and counterfeit Reciproc R25 instruments (claimed t...

INTRODUCTION Malaria continues to be one of the major public health problems in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Artemisinin derivatives (ARTs; artesunate, artemether, and dihydroartemisinin) derived from the herb, Artemisia annua, are the most effective antimalarial drugs available providing rapid cures. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has recommended that all antimalarials must be combined...

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) has become one of the most important methods for counterfeit drugs identification its low cost, non-destructive, and on-site detection. However, it is often invalid unknown samples beyond scope modeling samples, as well not efficient in conditions insufficient (insufficient number within class), unbalanced (large difference between classes), sensitivity results ...

Pharmaceutical counterfeiting is becoming a serious problem both in developed and developing countries. This paper considers the extent of the problem and provides several examples of drugs which have been counterfeited. Additionally, the effects of counterfeit products on consumers, health care providers, drug manufacturers and governments are discussed. Several of the currently used methods o...

This work deals with a classic problem: ”Given a set of coins among which there is a counterfeit coin of a different weight, find this counterfeit coin using ordinary balance scales, with the minimum number of weighings possible, and indicate whether it weighs less or more than the rest”. The method proposed here not only calculates the minimum number of weighings necessary, but also indicates ...