Personality descriptors--3,302 adjectives--were extracted from a dictionary of the modern Greek language. Those terms with the highest frequency were administered to large samples in Greece to test the universality of the Big-Five dimensions of personality in comparison to alternative models. One- and 2-factor structures were the most stable across variable selections and subsamples and replica...

Individual cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) provides anxious youth with skills and experiences to increase "brave" behavior in the face of feared situations. This study addresses whether parental encouragement of bravery during an anxiety provoking and potentially avoidable naturalistic speech task (a) differs between parents of youth (ages 9-13) with anxiety disorders (N=47) and parents of h...

Shall We Kill or Enslave Caesar? Analyzing the Caesar Model When a society overthrows a ruler – call the ruler Caesar – what determines whether Caesar is killed or enslaved? This paper presents a model of killing versus enslaving Caesar, based on a new theory which unifies justice, status, and power. The model pertains to societies which value ordinal goods like bravery, yielding predictions fo...

Moral evolution theories have emphasized kinship, reciprocity, group selection, and equilibrium selection. Yet, moral virtues are also sexually attractive. Darwin suggested that sexual attractiveness may explain many aspects of human morality. This paper updates his argument by integrating recent research on mate choice, person perception, individual differences, costly signaling, and virtue et...

t to|ogy in this country, together with laryngology, began c? develop as a specialty in the middle of the 19th ^.entury under the influence of men 'like Yeansley and ?Vnbee, and later Sir Morel MacKenzie and Sir Felix erTion. They had a struggle to obtain recognition and ? 9reat German surgeon, Bilroth said of Otology calls for a certain amount of heroism in a man to J^rifice himself to this (t...

Declaring and thinking about heroes are common human preoccupations but surprisingly aspects of heroism that reinforce these behaviors are not well-understood. In four thematically consistent studies, we attempt to identify lay perspectives about the psychological functions served by heroes. In Study 1, participants (n = 189) freely generated open-ended descriptions of hero functions, which wer...

Civil courage refers to the behavior where people actively intervene protect a victim in concrete situation of injustice despite risk becoming themselves. To act with civil courage, one requires competencies that relate prosocial values as well physical and social ability act. In this context, brief reports opinions 2,046 respondents—representatives Germany respect age, gender, region—on what, ...