This paper shows that CPP, the preprocessor of the C language, can be seen as a programming language in which directives are statements, parametrized macros are functions, files are procedures, directories are modules, and command lines are programs. The semantics of CPP can therefore be described using traditional techniques. This paper describes the semantics of CPP in a denotational style. B...

Low cerebral blood flow (CBF) states have been demonstrated in children early after traumatic brain injury (TBI), and have been correlated with poorer outcomes. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) support following severe TBI is commonly implemented to correct cerebral hypoperfusion, but the efficacy of various vasopressors has not been determined. Sixteen 4-week-old female swine underwent nonimp...

OBJECTIVES This study investigated the effectiveness of low power red and infrared lasers and that of Er:YAG laser, in association with CPP-ACPF cream, on remineralization of white spot lesions. STUDY DESIGN Fifty intact premolars were immersed in a demineralization solution for 10 weeks to induce caries like lesions and then were divided into five groups. In group 1, the teeth were covered w...

Measurement of intracranial pressure (ICP) and arterial blood pressure is used to derive cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and to guide targeted therapy of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) necessitating ICU admission. In this narrative review we discuss the evidence for ICP monitoring, CPP calculation, and ICP/CPP-guided therapy after severe TBI. Despite its widespread use, there is currentl...

Clinical and laboratory diagnosis and treatment of central precocious puberty (CPP) remain challenging due to lack of standardization. The aim of this revision was to address the diagnostic and therapeutic features of CPP in Brazil based on relevant international literature and availability of the existing therapies in the country. The diagnosis of CPP is based mainly on clinical and biochemica...

Clinical practicums are often limited by a lack of meaningful communication between nursing students and registered nurses (RNs). This pilot study evaluated the utility of the Clinical Progression Portfolio (CPP) to enable students to learn how to initiate engagement with their RNs and to develop their capacity as students to learn. The study employed a descriptive survey design, with a conveni...

The compound m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) is used clinically to manipulate serotonergic function, though its precise mechanisms of actions are not well understood. m-CPP alters synaptic transmission and neuronal function in vertebrates by non-selective agonistic actions on 5-HT(1) and 5-HT(2) receptors. In this study, we demonstrated that m-CPP did not appear to act through a 5-HT receptor ...

The use of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), such as polyarginine, has been shown to facilitate the import of drugs and other cargos into cells. However, a major obstacle limiting their use as delivery agents is their entrapment following internalization into endocytic vesicles, leading to either their recycling out of cells or their degradation in lysosomes. To address this challenge, we fused...

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) have become a widely used tool for efficient cargo delivery into cells. However, one limiting fact is their uptake by endocytosis causing the enclosure of the CPP-cargo construct within endosomes. One often used method to enhance the outflow into the cytosol is the fusion of endosome-disruptive peptide or protein sequences to CPP. But, until now, no studies exist...

The evolution of natural product biosynthetic pathways can be envisioned to occur via a number of mechanisms. In the present study we provide evidence that latent plasticity plays a role in such metabolic evolution. In particular, rice (Oryza sativa) produces both ent- and syn-CPP (copalyl diphosphate), which are substrates for downstream diterpene synthases. In the present paper we report that...