I criticize recent applications of the "cosmogram" concept to ancient Maya architecture and cities. Although cosmogramsgraphic representations of aspects of the cosmos-are known from Late Postclassic and early colonial Aztec and Maya sources, there is no textual suggestion that buildings or cities were viewed as cosmograms. Numerous authors, how eve^ assert confidently that architectural cosmog...

Earman (1993) distinguishes three notions of empirical indistinguishability and offers a rigorous framework to investigate how each of these notions relates to the problem of underdetermination of theory choice. He uses some of the results obtained in this framework to argue for a version of scientific anti-realism. In the present paper we first criticize Earman’s arguments for that position. S...

In their commentary, Kuss, Griffiths, and Pontes (2016) criticize the use of the term "Internet" in the recently proposed diagnosis for Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and its use as one of the included diagnostic criteria. We agree with the exclusion of the term "Internet" in the diagnosis, but have some considerations to the comments regarding the nine criteria for IGD. Specifically, we discus...

This paper surveys the econometric evidence on the effectiveness of fiscal incentives for R&D. We describe the effects of tax systems in OECD countries on the user cost of R&D — the current position, changes over time and across different firms in different countries. We describe and criticize the methodologies used to evaluate the effect of the tax system on Ž . R&D behaviour and the results f...

one of the most important discourses on basics of jurisprudence methodology (‘ilm al-uṣūl) is the one concerning the isolated tradition. the most important reason for proving the validity of the isolated tradition according to the widely known viewpoint of the authorities on this issue is the attitude of the intellectual. this article is intended to criticize this reason and in the end to prove...

plantinga, wolterstorff and westphal are three eminent christian philosophers in the united states today. this paper will examine plantinga, wolterstorff, and westphal's response to kant's anti-realist epistemology. while perhaps many christian philosophers doing philosophy of religion in the united states follow the common-sense realism of thomas reid, some philosophers, like merold ...

in this article, after reviewing the difference between fundamentalist and anti-fundamentalist philosophy, the features of the rationality will be explained from the perspective of five anti-fundamentalist philosophers (habermas, richard rorty, macintyre, michel foucault and hayek). the common point stated by all these philosophers is that they all criticize metaphysics and doubt about the basi...

Background: Clinical education, have a major role in the development of nursing students. One of the most important factors that affect the quality of nursing students' are clinical education problems. The aim of this study was to investigate problems in clinical education of nursing students has Bandar Abbas University of Medical Sciences Method: this is Cross-sectional study, which was done ...

ayatollah beheshti assumes freedom to be the essence of human personality, believing that man has the right to choose, and the right to make and influence on his own life, environment and political system. people also have the right to vote, and to criticize authorities, and the possibility to react towards the undesireable. the authorities, too, at any level, have to be responsible to the people.