In this paper, we survey current evidence on cognitive precursors of reading in different orthographies by reviewing studies with a cross-linguistic research design. Graphic symbol knowledge, phonological awareness, morphological and rapid automatized naming were found to be associated acquisition all investigated. However, apart from naming, association is mostly interactive, meaning that youn...

Cross-linguistic comparisons serve as empirical tests generating evidence for and against lexical ambiguity in words like “good”, “know”, “the”, “can”, “may”. Critics question such comparisons' validity. This article examines how cross-linguistic are treated shows that they have two predominant forms: one modeled on modus tollens, another Bayes' theorem, where the former is an enthymematic vers...