UK Biobank required a cryogenic facility to store, in vapour phase, a minimum of 5 000 000 1.2 ml capacity micro-tubes held in racks of 96 tubes below -180 degrees C for a 20 year period. The archive would be housed in a 900 m(2) industrial unit remote from the main laboratory area that would be generally unmanned and would require a complete cryogenic infrastructure. A commercial supplier was ...

We present a continuous liquid level sensing system for both room temperature and cryogenic fluids with millimeter spatial resolution. Change of in-fiber Rayleigh backscattering signal from the distinct thermal response of the heated sensing fiber in liquid and in air were interrogated and spatially resolved using the optical frequency domain reflectometry. Both electrical and optical heating t...

Activated carbons were obtained from the cryogenic grinding of used tyres using the liquid nitrogen as agent of freezing and compared to those obtained by the ambient grinding,. These products were prepared using the chemical activated method. It consists of impregnation of the powder obtained from the cryogrinded and ambient grinded used tyres by phosphoric acid, followed by a carbonization at...

Natural convection in a spherical geometry is considered for prediction of the buoyancy characteristics of one meter diameter singleand double-walled balloons in a cryogenic environment. The steady-state flow characteristics obtained by solving the ReynoldsAveraged Navier Stokes equations (RANS) with a standard k-ε model are used to determine the balloon performance in terms of net buoyancy as ...

This paper presents a cryogenic successive approximation register (SAR) based analog to digital converter (ADC) implemented in a standard 0.35 microm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. It operates from room temperature down to 4.4 K, achieving 10.47 effective number of bits (ENOB) at room temperature. At 4.4 K, the ADC achieves 8.53 ENOB at 50 kS/s sampling rate with a curr...

Single-photon emission from the nitrogen-vacancy defect in diamond constitutes one of its many proposed applications. Owing to its doubly degenerate 3E electronic excited state, photons from this defect can be emitted by two optical transitions with perpendicular polarization. Previous measurements have indicated that orbital-selective photoexcitation does not, however, yield photoluminescence ...

As discussed in the preceding article, direct-drive inertial confinement fusion targets require a cryogenically cooled spherical shell in which the DT fuel is condensed in a uniform layer on the inner wall. Optical interferometry is the predominant technique used to characterize the thickness and uniformity of the cryogenic fuel layer. In addition to inherent optical limitations such as spheric...

Natural gas is processed to control purity and bring it to sales standard. A part of this processing involves the removal of N2 and CO2 which may exist in large quantities in the gas. These impurities are often removed using Cryogenic Pressure Swing Adsorption (CPSA). PSA uses pressure changes to maximise the efficiency of adsorption and desorption. A fundamental mathematical model was develope...

The aim of this work is to analyse the cryogenic process for cooling superconducting radio-frequency accelerator prototype cavities in the Large Electron-Positron collider (LEP) at CERN. A liquefaction cryoplant is analysed, including the production of liquid helium at 4.5 K, the systems for distribution and control of liquid helium, and the radio-frequency system used for accelerating particle...