zarivar lake is the only natural water area and the ponds in the kurdistan province which is located 2 kilometers far from the northwest of marivan city and at an altitude of 1285 meters above sea level. the mean annual rainfall is 997.6 mm and the mean annual temperature is 13°c. this study is carried out to survey the biodiversity, identification and introduce plant species around the lake an...

Here we use phylogenomics with expressed sequence tag (EST) data from the ecologically important coccolithophore-forming alga Emiliania huxleyi and the plastid-lacking cryptophyte Goniomonas cf. pacifica to establish their phylogenetic positions in the eukaryotic tree. Haptophytes and cryptophytes are members of the putative eukaryotic supergroup Chromalveolata (chromists [cryptophytes, haptoph...

We report ultrafast femtosecond transient absorption measurements of energy-transfer dynamics for the antenna protein phycoerythrin 545, PE545, isolated from a unicellular cryptophyte Rhodomonas CS24. The phycoerythrobilins are excited at both 485 and 530 nm, and the spectral response is probed between 400 and 700 nm. Room-temperature measurements are contrasted with measurements at 77 K. An ev...

Many algal groups acquired complex plastids by the uptake of green and red algae through multiple secondary endosymbioses. As a result of gene loss and transfer during the endosymbiotic processes, algal endosymbiont nuclei disappeared in most cases. However, chlorarachniophytes and cryptophytes still possess a relict nucleus, so-called the nucleomorph, of the green and red algal endosymbiont, r...

Phytoplankton community structure at the Cariaco Basin Time-Series site (101300N, 641400W) within the Cariaco Basin was examined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and microscopy between January 1996 to October 2000, and July 2006 to December 2010. Microscopy results from the upper 55 m indicated that the abundance of microphytoplankton (420 mm) decreased by more than 5-fold fr...

Phototrophic chromalveolates possess plastids surrounded by either 3 or 4 membranes, revealing their secondary endosymbiotic origin from an engulfed eukaryotic alga. In cryptophytes, a member of the chromalveolates, the organelle is embedded within a designated region of the host's rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Its eukaryotic compartments other than the plastid were reduced to the mere rem...