Recently, increasing incidences of AFB and problems controlling the disease – based on resistance build-up in the bacteria, increased residue problems, and loss of natural resistance in bees have renewed the interest for AFB tolerant honey bee strains world-wide. The honey bee possesses different tolerance mechanisms against AFB – e.g. larval resistance, hygienic behaviour and food inhibition o...

Hygienic macro systems, such as Scheme’s, automatically rename variables to prevent unintentional variable capture—in short, they “just work.” Yet hygiene has never been formally presented as a specification rather than an algorithm. According to folklore, the definition of hygienic macro expansion hinges on the preservation of alphaequivalence. But the only known notion of alpha-equivalence fo...

The aim of this review was to compare welfare, health, and hygienic status of laying hens housed in furnished cages and in alternative systems. In alternative systems (floor housing and aviaries), birds have more freedom of movement and a more complex environment than in furnished cages. However, housing birds in much larger flocks in alternative systems leads to an increased risk of feather-pe...

Parasites are ubiquitous in nature and can be costly to animal fitness, so hosts have evolved behavioural counter-strategies to mitigate infection risk. We investigated feeding-related infection-avoidance strategies in Japanese macaques via field-experimentation and observation. We first examined risk sensitivity during foraging tasks involving faecally contaminated or debris-covered food items...

background : clinical decision making as a major part of the performance of professional nursing is the distinctive factor of professional nurses and non-professional health care personnel. this study aimed to assess the relationship between the exercise and physical activity and the nurses’ collaboration in clinical decision making in al-zahra hospital, isfahan, iran. methods: th descriptive-c...

Social insects have many defence mechanisms against pests and pathogens. One of these is hygienic behaviour, which has been studied in detail in the honey bee, Apis mellifera Hygienic honey bee workers remove dead and diseased larvae and pupae from sealed brood cells, thereby reducing disease transfer within the colony. Stingless bees, Meliponini, also rear broods in sealed cells. We investigat...