Our paper analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of a subfield of industrial ecology called integrated bio-systems (IBS). Consistent with the principles of industrial ecology, the goal of an IBS is to reduce pollution by transforming linear material flows into closed, cyclical processes that produce value-added product. The presence of large, concentrated quantities of compost, generated as a re...

In this paper an efficient three- stage algorithm is developed for software production cost and time estimation. First stage includes a hybrid model composed of COCOMO and Function Points methods to increase estimation accuracy. Second stage encompasses paired comparisons matrix of analytical hierarchy process to determine amount of any resources consumed in each step of software production by ...

The development and evolution of malware including computer viruses, worms, and trojan horses, is shown to be closely analogous to the process of community succession long recognized in ecology. In particular, both changes in the overall environment by external disturbances, as well as, feedback effects from malware competition and antivirus coevolution have driven community succession and the ...