Latitudinal variation in climate is predicted to select for latitudinal differentiation in sensitivity to the environmental cues that signal plants to flower at the appropriate time for a given climate. In Arabidopsis thaliana, flowering is promoted by exposure to cold temperatures (vernalization), and several vernalization pathway loci are known. To test whether natural variation in vernalizat...

Many plant species are induced to flower by stress. Stress-induced flowering has been studied mostly in the short-day plant pharbitis (also called Japanese morning glory; Ipomoea nil, formerly Pharbitis nil). In this article, physiological characteristics, the regulation by salicylic acid (SA) and the expression of flowering-related genes in stress-induced flowering in pharbitis are reviewed. P...

The time of flowering in Arabidopsis is controlled by multiple endogenous and environmental signals. Some of these signals promote the onset of flowering, whereas others repress it. We describe here the isolation and characterization of two allelic mutations that cause early flowering and define a new locus, EARLY BOLTING IN SHORT DAYS (EBS). Acceleration of flowering time in the ebs mutants is...

Rising temperatures have begun to shift flowering time, but it is unclear whether phenotypic plasticity can accommodate projected temperature change for this century. Evaluating clines in phenological traits and the extent and variation in plasticity can provide key information on assessing risk of maladaptation and developing strategies to mitigate climate change. In this study, flower phenolo...

earliness and drought escape are as a primary strategy for plant adaptation in regions that plants are subjected to terminal drought stress. plants react to drought through morphological changes and alteration in physiological behavior. accordingly, two separate experiments to assess the response of yield and morphophysiological characteristics of earliness chickpea genotypes to drought stress ...

Latitudinal variation in climate is predicted to select for latitudinal differentiation in sensitivity to the environmental cues that signal plants to flower at the appropriate time for a given climate. In Arabidopsis thaliana, flowering is promoted by exposure to cold temperatures (vernalization), and several vernalization pathway loci are known. To test whether natural variation in vernalizat...

The circadian clock regulates many aspects of plant development, including hypocotyl elongation and photoperiodic induction of flowering. ZEITLUPE (ZTL) is a clock-related F-box protein, and altered ZTL expression causes fluence rate-dependent circadian period effects, and altered hypocotyl elongation and flowering time. EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3) is a novel protein of unknown biochemical functio...

Flowering of Arabidopsis is induced by long summer days (LDs). The transcriptional regulator CONSTANS (CO) promotes flowering, and its transcription is increased under LDs. We systematically misexpressed transcription factors in companion cells and identified several DOF proteins that delay flowering by repressing CO transcription. Combining mutations in four of these, including CYCLING DOF FAC...

¬¬¬one of the most important limitations for selection of second crop in paddy fields in guilan is waterlogging in the second half of the year. for an evaluation of waterlogging effect (in adequate drainage) on canola yield, a lysimeter study was conducted implementing -10,-5,0 and +5 cm water level for 2,5,7 and 10 day durations at 3 plant growing stages namely: emergence, beginning of floweri...