We introduce simulated packing and cracking as a technique for evaluating partisan-gerrymandering measures. apply it to historical congressional legislative elections evaluate four measures: partisan bias, declination, efficiency gap, mean-median difference. While the gap recognizes in completely predictable manner (a fact that follows immediately from gap's definition) declination does very go...

Financial options, namely stock options, are ways in which investors can manage the risk level of their portfolios and control the timing of various cash flows. Because, in most basic terms, this class of derivatives consists of agreements to buy or sell financial assets (here, shares of stock) at a prescribed time in the future, determining their fair market value requires a prediction of the ...

PURPOSE To investigate near-vision posture in Chinese myopic schoolchildren and compare near-vision posture during different near-vision tasks (i.e., playing video games, reading, and writing). METHODS The study investigated 120 myopic children (grades 1 through 6 and aged 6 to 13 years). An electromagnetic motion-tracking system was used for continuous measurements of the working distance an...

PURPOSE To determine prevalence of heel strike in a midsize city marathon, if there is an association between foot-strike classification and race performance, and if there is an association between foot-strike classification and gender. METHODS Foot-strike classification (forefoot, midfoot, heel, or split strike), gender, and rank (position in race) were recorded at the 8.1-km mark for 2112 r...