TO THE EDITOR: In addition to motor signs, patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) suffer from a variable degree of autonomic impairment. Constipation is one of the most common autonomic dysfunctions observed in PD and may precede the onset of motor signs by many years (1). Chronic constipation, defined as the occurrence of less than three bowel movements per week accompanied by straining at sto...

Constipation is the most frequent bowel dysfunction with paramount affects on people’s quality of life and mental wellness; it has been estimated that about 30% of people in western countries are afflicted by constipation (1) with heavy aftermath on the health national system. Constipation can be a primary disorder or secondary to neurological, pharmacological, depression, endocrine diseases or...

Obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS) is clinically defined as a prolonged (more than 6 months) history of difficult rectal evacuation, including excessive straining, feeling of incomplete evacuation or inability to evacuate without digitation. It is usually related to a functional disorder and it occurs most exclusively in females. Many authors 1-4 have reported an incidence of enterocoele from...

Anorectal manometry measures the pressures of the anal sphincter muscles, sensation in rectum, and the neural reflexes that are needed for normal bowel movements. This test is mainly performed to evaluate patients with constipation or fecal incontinence but is also useful for pre/post surgical evaluation of anal sphincter tone, functional anorectal pain, pelvic floor dyssynergia and diagnosis o...

Defecatory disorders include a spectrum of conditions that manifest as spastic rectal evacuation or flaccid causing obstructed defecation.1Chedid V. et al.Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019; 31: e13510Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar Functional defecation are usually evidenced by 2 the following 3 tests documenting impaired evacuation: abnormal balloon expulsion test, anorectal pattern wi...