The Cyber-Terrorist is assumed to be a very real threat to modern information systems, especially those trusted to control the nation’s defenses and critical infrastructure. Very little intelligence or solid data exist regarding this adversary. This discussion chronicles the efforts by a team at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency to model and characterize this adversary. The ultimate...

Plants can recruit parasitic wasps in response to egg deposition by herbivorous insects-a sophisticated indirect plant defense mechanism. Oviposition by the Large Cabbage White butterfly Pieris brassicae on Brussels sprout plants induces phytochemical changes that arrest the egg parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae. Here, we report the identification of an elicitor of such an oviposition-induced p...

Animal groups can show consistent behaviors or personalities just like solitary animals. We studied the collective behavior of Temnothorax nylanderi ant colonies, including consistency in behavior and correlations between different behavioral traits. We focused on four collective behaviors (aggression against intruders, nest relocation, removal of infected corpses and nest reconstruction) and a...

Mutual inhibition among behavioral command systems frequently has been suggested as a possible mechanism for switching between incompatible behaviors. Several neural circuits in crayfish that mediate incompatible behaviors have been found to interact through inhibition; this accounts for increased stimulus threshold of one behavior (e.g., escape tailflip) during performance of others (eating, w...

UNLABELLED Defense is a basic survival mechanism when animals face danger. Previous studies have suggested that the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) is essential for the generation of defensive reactions. Here we showed that optogenetic activation of neurons in the PAG in mice was sufficient to induce a series of defensive responses (including running, freezing, and avoidance). However, the e...

to recognize and introduce the excellence works in the field of holy defense, the holy defense book festival is held yearly by bonyad-e hefz-e asar va arzshha-ye defae moqaddas. of the 2563 works published during the years 2011 to 2013, 9 titles from the publications of the center for holy defense documentation and research have nominated and commended to the jury to be rewarded or appreciated ...

Poison frogs contain an alkaloid-based chemical defense that is sequestered directly from a diet of alkaloid-containing arthropods. Geographic and temporal variation in alkaloid defense is common in poison frogs and is generally attributed to differences in the availability of alkaloid-containing arthropods. Variable chemical defense in poison frogs may have important consequences for predator-...

We present our Small Size League (SSL) robot soccer team, CMDragons, which performed strongly at the RoboCup’13 competition, placing second out of twenty teams after a prolonged final match ending in penalty shoot-outs. We briefly present the robots’ hardware and individual skills, and then focus on our multi-robot passing, attack, and defense planning and execution in the challenging SSL adver...

the history of five thousand years of human civilization (with only 292 years with no war) and the experiencesof the past two decades of our country shows that the enemies’ approach is based on strong air attack just inthe first month, and civilians bombarding begins if the spirit of national defense continues after two weeks.so the buildings in the cities are damaged in different ways by the a...