Over the past five decades, two successive waves of political reform have brought democracy to, first, Spain, Portugal and Greece, and, more recently, Central and Eastern European countries. We assessed whether democratization was associated with improvements in population health, as indicated by life expectancy and cause-specific mortality rates. Data on life expectancy at birth, age-standardi...

1. E-democracy is the key for the future action As for the term “E-democracy”, many definitions focus on the usage of ICT into political process and public decisions based on needs of citizens. As the idea of e-democracy is continuously improved, my approach to e-democracy as a phenomenon resulting from the usage of ICT as a tool is to enhance democratic system of governance. There is no doubt ...

Growth stability is an important objective—because development requires sustained increases in income, because volatility is costly for the poor, and because volatility deters growth. We study the determinants of average growth and its volatility as a two-equation system, and find that higher levels of democracy and diversification lower volatility, whereas volatility itself reduces growth. Mus...

This article assesses popular mobilization under the Chávez government’s participatory initiatives in Venezuela using data from the AmericasBarometer survey of 2007. This is the first study of the socalled Bolivarian initiatives using nationally representative, individual-level data. The results provide a mixed assessment. Most of the government’s programs invite participation from less active ...

For some time the notion ‘technocracy’ has been, for better or for worse, associated with the functioning of the European Union (EU). But what role do technocratic assumptions play in the EU’s new ‘symbolic’ policy agenda of democracy promotion, if any? Some authors have suggested that ‘depoliticising’ technocratic biases exist in the EU democracy promotion framework, despite its ‘normative’ rh...

One condition for the stability of democratic systems is the development of a political culture that is congruent with the implemented structure. As the presented data shows, in unified Germany this kind of congruence exists only in West Germany. In East Germany a majority of citizens is supporting democracy as well, but have a rather skeptical attitude toward the liberal democracy of Germany. ...

12 Synaptic democracy is believed to be an important effect that enables distal 13 synapses to contribute information to the soma. Synaptic democracy is found in 14 hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, which is an important area of the brain 15 for learning and memory. Previous computational work by Sterratt et al [1] 16 show that synaptic democracy arises in a model of a CA1 pyramidal neuron 17 ...

The field of e-Democracy has suffered from fuzzy conceptualizations about the actual role of ICT in the field. That is, the contribution of “e” in e-Democracy has been difficult to justify. To address the role of ICT in e-Democracy projects we contribute theoretically by combining knowledge on IT artefacts, genres and E-Democracy models to be able to explore ICT in its embedded surroundings. IT...

democracy is a modern model that united nations, governments, nations, in the last decade of twenty century have started that to prevent war, violence and it was due to of creation of international peace and security. requirement to know different dimensions of the subject of tendency of current research, as consideration of globalization of democracy and its effects for international peace was...