The discovery of novel autoantibodies in neurological disorders contributes to a better understanding its pathogenesis, improves the accuracy diagnosis, and leads new treatment strategies. Advances techniques for screening detection have enabled antibodies central nervous system (CNS) neuromuscular diseases. Cell-based assays using live or fixed cells overexpressing target antigens are widely u...

BACKGROUND There is evidence that at least 5% of Multiple sclerosis (MS) cases manifest in childhood. Children with MS present with a demyelinating episode involving single or multiple symptoms prior to developing a second event (usually within two years) to then meet criteria for diagnosis. There is evidence from adult cohorts that the incidence and sex ratios of MS are changing and that child...

Electrodiagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected polyneuropathy is useful for detecting and documenting peripheral abnormalities, identifying the predominant pathophysiology, and determining the prognosis for certain disorders. The electrodiagnostic classification of polyneuropathy is associated with morphologic correlates and is based upon determining involvement of sensory and motor fi...

We present two patients with demyelinating disease meeting the diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis. Both patients had IgG lambda monoclonal gammopathy in serum and cerebrospinal fluid associated with intrathecal antibody synthesis. This association is very unusual and it is not certain whether the co-occurrence of these disorders might be the result of a causal link between multiple scle...

White matter hyperintensities are frequently encountered in clinical practice. In adulthood, white matter hyperintensities are generally related to acquired disorders, such as vascular, inflammatory, or demyelinating diseases. Symmetrical and confluent white matter abnormalities on the first available MRI suggest a genetic disorder. In this article, we provide keys to recognize and classify the...

BACKGROUND The differential diagnosis of chronic progressive multifocal asymmetric neuropathies is challenging. Vasculitic neuropathies, multifocal forms of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, multifocal motor neuropathies, and asymmetric lower motor neuron disorders are important considerations. CASE PRESENTATION We report a patient with an unusually long 12-year course of non...

Bipolar disorder may be overrepresented in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Although research in this area is limited, studies assessing the nature of this association have focused on genetic aspects, adverse reaction to drugs and brain demyelinating lesions. Herein we report three patients with MS that also presented bipolar disorder. The coexistence of neurological and psychiatric symptoms i...

High voltage stimulation (HVS) allows supramaximal stimulation of proximal peripheral nerves down to the nerve roots and the plexus, thus making them accessible to neurographic investigation. In particular, useful information can be obtained in this manner with respect to demyelinating disorders of peripheral nerves. For that purpose, this article shows practical application of HVS and moreover...

Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most common survivable chromosomal disorders, and is well known to be associated with multiple autoimmune diseases. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. An association of DS and other autoimmune disease has been previously reported, and we report one case of DS in coexistence with MS, d...