Induced charge-density (ICD) oscillations at the Cu(111) surface caused by an external impurity are studied within linear response theory. The calculation takes into account such properties of the Cu(111) surface electronic structure as an energy gap for three-dimensional (3D) bulk electrons and a s − pz surface state that forms two-dimensional (2D) electron system. It is demonstrated that the ...

In our papers before, two three-dimensional localization schemes which are called iterative calculation of secondary grid division localization scheme (ICSGD) and a range free three dimensional optimum space step distance localization scheme (3D-OSSDL) are proposed respectively. In ICSGDLS scheme, forty beacon nodes and five hundred unknown sensor nodes were randomly deployed in a cube, which i...

Conventional drug screening processes are a time-consuming and expensive endeavor, but highly rewarding when they are successful. To identify promising lead compounds, millions of compounds are traditionally screened against therapeutic targets on human cells grown on the surface of 96-wells. These two-dimensional (2D) cell monolayers are physiologically irrelevant, thus, often providing false-...

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influences of reconstruction and attenuation correction on the differences in the radioactivity distributions in 123I brain SPECT obtained by the hybrid SPECT/CT device. Methods: We used the 3-dimensional (3D) brain phantom, which imitates the precise structure of gray mater, white matter and bone regions. It was filled with 123I solution (20...

Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are traditionally maintained and proliferated utilizing two-dimensional (2D) adherent monolayer culture systems. However, NPCs cultured using this system hardly reflect the intrinsic spatial development of brain tissue. In this study, we determined that culturing iPSC-derived NPCs as three-dimensional (3D) ...

purpose: to determine peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (rnfl) thickness by three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (3d-oct) in a normal iranian population and to evaluate the concordance of these measurements with those obtained by the second generation of optical coherence tomography (oct ii). methods: in a cross-sectional observational study, 96 normal iranian subjects 20-53 yea...

Background: Setting up an in vitro follicle culture system that resembles in vivo ovary condition has high value in research. Additionally, expression evaluation of folliculogenesis involved genes could lead us to the designing of better culture system. Materials and Methods: ovaries of 12-day-old female NMRI mice were removed, 100-130 μm pre-antral follicles were mechanically isolated from fre...

Bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) forms two types of dimers (a major and a minor component) upon concentration in mild acid. These two dimers exhibit different biophysical and biochemical properties. Earlier we reported that the minor dimer forms by swapping its N-terminal α-helix with that of an identical molecule. Here we find that the major dimer forms by swapping its C-terminal β-str...