Evolutionary transitions between hermaphroditic and dioecious reproductive states are found in many groups of animals. To understand such transitions, it is important to characterize diverse modes of sex determination utilized by metazoans. Currently, little is known about how simultaneous hermaphrodites specify and maintain male and female organs in a single individual. Here we show that a sex...

Abstract Yam is a collective name of tuber crops belonging to the genus Dioscorea . important not only as staple food crop but also an integral component society and culture millions people who depend on it. However, due its regional importance, yam has long been regarded “orphan crop” lacking global attention. Although this perception changing with recent advances in genomics technologies, dom...

Distyly is a floral polymorphism with reciprocal placement of male and female structures, heteromorphic self-incompatibility, other ancillary traits. However, breeding system breakdowns loss are common. Here we traced the diversification strategies in type genera tribes Palicoureeae Psychotrieae discussed evolution distyly phylogenetic framework. We used literature field information for systems...