Article history: Available online 25 February 2014

sawa, 1994). However, all of these models have been developed for planar surfaces; none are for hillslopes. A three-dimensional model of root system development and soil Several studies have shown that plants growing along water flow is described and applied to actual conditions along a hillslope. In the model, gravitropism, hydrotropism, and circumnutation slopes have asymmetric root systems (...

stability of foundations near slopes is one of the important and complicated problems in geotechnical engineering, which has been investigated by various methods such as limit equilibrium, limit analysis, slip-line, finite element and discrete element. the complexity of this problem is resulted from the combination of two probable failures: foundation failure and overall slope failure. the curr...

Let X be a norm curve in the SL(2,C)-character variety of a knot exterior M . Let t = ‖β‖/‖α‖ be the ratio of the Culler-Shalen norms of two distinct non-zero classes α, β ∈ H1(∂M,Z). We demonstrate that either X has exactly two associated strict boundary slopes ±t, or else there are strict boundary slopes r1 and r2 with |r1| > t and |r2| < t. As a consequence, we show that there are strict bou...