No consensus regarding optimal treatment or etiology of Preiser disease exists. We described the epidemiology,classification and treatment characteristics of 18 patients with Preiser disease. Patients with changes related to previoustrauma, and without radiographs were excluded. Based on the radiographs at diagnosis, we classified 13 scaphoids asHerbert Lanzetta stage II, four...

legg-calvé-perthes disease (lcpd) is an idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head with variable complications and resultant deformity of the femoral head and osteoarthritis. suggested risk factors are acetabular retroversion, obesity, latitude, hyperactivity, and coagulopathy. the most commonly applied classification is based on radiolucency in the lateral pillar of the femoral head, which i...

introduction: sugar cane is a giant plant of grain products. regarding the benefits of the use of medications with herbal origin, in the present study the impact of sugar cane extract on atherosclerosis and ldl-c and hdl-c in the serum of hypercholesterolemic rabbits was studied. materials and methods: 24 adult male new zealand rabbits race with an average weight of 2 kg were classified into fo...

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PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews marketed pharmacologic treatments for Alzheimer disease as well as their efficacy, effectiveness, adverse effects, and issues involved in their use, including duration of treatment, adverse events, and controversies. Current experimental drug development, including challenges to developing successful drugs for Alzheimer disease, are also reviewed and asses...

parkinson’s disease (pd) is the second most common neurodegenerative brain disorder which is around 1.5 times more common in men than in women. currently, drug medications, surgery, and lifestyle changes are common approaches to pd, while all of them focused on reducing the symptoms. therefore, regenerative medicine based on stem cell (sc) therapies has raised a promising hope. various types of...

gastro-esophageal reflux disease (gerd) regularly occurs when stomach acid moves up from the stomach into the esophagus. gerd might be associated with chronic asthma symptoms such as coughing and breathlessness. according to several studies on children and adults, gerd is proven to have a close relationship with asthma.  medication treatment via proton-pump inhibitors (ppis), such as omeprazole,...

the actual relationship between periodontal and pulpal disease was first described by simring and goldberg in 1964. since then, the term “perio-endo” lesion has been used to describe lesions due to inflammatory products found in varying degrees in both the periodontium and the pulpal tissues. the pulp and periodontium have embryonic, anatomic and functional inter-relationships. the simultaneous...