Abstract The Hacienda El Progreso functioned as an important Ecuadorian agro-industrial enterprise in the late nineteenth century. Operating out of San Cristóbal Island Galápagos archipelago, plantation exported refined sugar, coffee, cattle products, and other goods to national international markets. From its beginnings 1860s, established first permanent human settlement on island, long after ...

lose to 4 billion people live in cities. As the driver of environmental challenges, accounting for nearly 70% of the world’s carbon emissions, and as sites of critical social disparities, with 863 million dwellers now living in slums, urban settlements are at the heart of global change. This momentum is unlikely to disappear, as approximately 70 million more people will move to cities by the en...