The 1996 Amendments of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) requires that new drinking water regulations exhibit sufficient meaningful risk reduction. As called for in the SDWA Section 1412(b)(1)(A) General Authority, “...in the sole judgment of the Administrator, regulation of such contaminant presents a meaningful opportunity for health risk reduction for persons served by public water systems....

As described in chapter 1, there is a high demand for safe drinking water in present day's society, which has to comply with ever increasing quality standards. Several discoveries in the past two decades have led to an increasing public awareness of the risks of water pollution to both the human population and the environment. These include the discovery of the presence of endocrine disruptors,...

Rapidly growing populations and migration to urban areas in developing countries has resulted in a vital need for the establishment of centralized water systems to disseminate potable water to residents. Protected source water and modern, well-maintained drinking water treatment plants can provide water adequate for human consumption. However, ageing, stressed or poorly maintained distribution ...

BACKGROUND Questions regarding control over a water fluoridation system in a British Columbia (BC) community led to a drinking water management survey in 1997-98. METHOD A questionnaire was constructed based on published drinking water control and management criteria and was sent to 91 communities. RESULTS 73/91 surveys were returned (80% response rate); 31 reported a protected water supply...

The detection of many new compounds in surface water, groundwater and drinking water raises considerable public concern, especially when human health based guideline values are not available it is questioned if detected concentrations affect human health. In an attempt to address this question, we derived provisional drinking water guideline values for a selection of 50 emerging contaminants re...

The application of metaldehyde to agricultural catchment areas to control slugs and snails has caused severe problems for drinking water supply in recent years. In the River Thames catchment, metaldehyde has been detected at levels well above the EU and UK drinking water standards of 0.1 μg l-1 at many sites across the catchment between 2008 and 2015. Metaldehyde is applied in autumn and winter...

BACKGROUND Research on drinking water in the United States has rarely examined disproportionate exposures to contaminants faced by low-income and minority communities. This study analyzes the relationship between nitrate concentrations in community water systems (CWSs) and the racial/ethnic and socioeconomic characteristics of customers. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that CWSs in California's Sa...

BACKGROUND The relationship between chlorination by-products (CBPs) in drinking water and human health outcomes has been investigated in many epidemiological studies. In these studies, population exposure assessment to CBPs in drinking water is generally based on available CBP data (e.g., from regulatory monitoring, sampling campaigns specific to study area). Since trihalomethanes (THMs) and ha...

the membrane separation technology by relying on microfiltration ultrafiltration, and reverse osmosis methods are becoming more important among consulting engineers, designers of environmental pollution control system, and industrial factories. the advantages of this technology together with its emphasis on recycling the fluid to the system and reusing the membranes have caused the membranes to...