abstract introduction & objective: enuresis is defined as involuntary voiding. it is a socially disruptive and stressful condition which affects around 15% of five years old children and up to 1% of adults. aim the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of desmopressin (nasal spray) and oxybutinin combination therapy in treatment of patients with primary nocturnal enuresis that were resis...

Epidemiological, endoscopic and pathophysiological studies confirm the relationship between obesity gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is characterized by a more severe course, has clinical features. In treatment of GERD, it necessary to use an individualized integrated approach, which consists in combined diet therapy, lifestyle changes drug therapy. The basis pharmacotherapy for GERD are ...

probably more to be found in the future. Most important, it affects the human being from early childhood through adulthood, in contrast to Parkinson's disease which in most cases begins later in life. Neuropsychological understanding of this disorder can allow one to modify and improve the life of a patient at a much younger age than in Parkinson's disease, at an age when the patient will be ra...

Major birth defects affect 3 to 5% of all live births. Most are of unknown etiology, but 1 to 3% of these are thought to be due to pharmaceutical or environmental agents. A teratogen is any chemical, pharmacologic, environmental, or mechanical agent that can cause deviant or disruptive development of the conceptus. Included in this definition are functional impairment, growth restriction, and c...

S afe and effective drug treatment for children requires an understanding of the wide variability and constant changes in pharmacokinetic handling and pharmacodynamic response to drugs that occur during the time from birth to adulthood. An awareness of, and empathy with, the problems and challenges of drug administration throughout childhood is essential if the pharmacist is to be competent and...

Children are by nature apprehensive and do perceive pain as adults do. But young children, do not always or readily complain vocally of discomfort. When chronic discomfort is punctuated by acute distress of diagnostic or therapeutic intrusions, relief may be obtained for some children by various analgesic-anesthetic agents. Although the ideal 'intravenous' analgesic-anesthetic agent is yet to b...

Population aging is considered as the most serious problem in developed countries and is going to be a threat for developing countries. Aging is associated with various physiological changes and multiple diseases like diabetes, hypertension, arthritis etc. which alter the pharmacological response to a drug. Moreover, elderly people are more sensitive to frequently used drugs like NSAIDs, benzod...

Objective: This study examines the effect of the addition of IMOD, a novel multi-herbal drug to the highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) regimen, on the immunological status of HIV-positive patients. Materials and Methods: A randomized two-parallel-group (HAART group versus HAART+IMOD group), pretest-posttest design was used.Sixty patients with indications for treatment with the HAART ...