rangeland ecosystems shift across dynamic thresholds between differentecological states in response to natural or human-induced factors. these differentecological states are the result of interactions among climate, soils, grazing history,and management practices. the notion of a single ‘‘pristine’’ final state is onlyconceptual in nature, and because of this, dynamic thresholds and the effects...

We present a general model of stochastic evolution in games played by large populations of anonymous agents. Agents receive opportunities to revise their strategies by way of independent Poisson processes. A revision protocol describes how the probabilities with which an agent chooses each of his strategies depend on his current payoff opportunities and the current behavior of the population. O...

dam reservoirs supplies water resources for drinking, agriculture, and industry almost in all parts of iran. lack of proper utilization rules and unbalanced demands versus available water has led to many problems regarding to ineffective use of the water resources. precipitation and flow rate are stochastic phenomena. therefore, multi-step processes related to the water use efficiency should be...

We propose an axiomatic approach which economically underpins the representation of dynamic intertemporal decisions in terms a utility function, randomly reacts to information available decision maker throughout time. Our construction is iterative and based on time dependent preference connections, whose characterization inspired by original intuition given Debreu’s State Dependent Utilities (1...