Dapagliflozin is a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor in development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A semi-mechanistic population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed for dapagliflozin and its inactive metabolite dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide (D3OG) with emphasis on renal and hepatic contribution to dapagliflozin metabolism. Renal and hepatic impairment decreased the ...

Already before the final introduction of the single European currency there have been negotiations on a further enlargement of the Eurozone to the East. The accession of 10 Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC) to Euroland is likely to be realised within the next 10 years and it is an important issue to assess whether these candidates are better or worse suitable for EMU membership than...

Xenotransplantation of pig tissues has great potential to overcome the shortage of organ donors. One approach to address the vigorous immune rejection associated with xenotransplants is the use of embryonic precursor tissue, which induces and utilizes host vasculature upon its growth and development. Recently, we showed in mice that embryonic pig pancreatic tissue from embryonic day 42 (E42) ex...

Forecast targeting,” forward-looking monetary policy that uses central-bank judgment to construct optimal policy projections of the target variables and the instrument rate, may perform substantially better than monetary policy that disregards judgment and follows a given instrument rule. This is demonstrated in a few examples for two empirical models of the U.S. economy, one forward looking an...

Since 2008, the central banks of advanced countries have borrowed trillions of dollars from their commercial banks in the form of reserves and invested the proceeds in portfolios of risky assets. They are paying interest on those reserves. We investigate how this new style of central banking affects central banks’ solvency. We find that a central bank that pays dividends equal to net income wil...

We provide a theory of the determination of exchange rates based on capital flows in imperfect financial markets. Capital flows drive exchange rates by altering the balance sheets of financiers that bear the risks resulting from international imbalances in the demand for financial assets. Such alterations to their balance sheets cause financiers to change their required compensation for holding...

We construct an endogenous growth model in which bank runs occur with positive probability in equilibrium. In this setting, a bank run has a permanent effect on the levels of the capital stock and of output. In addition, the possibility of a run changes the portfolio choices of depositors and of banks, and thereby affects the long-run growth rate. These facts imply that both the occurrence of a...

We explore the network topology arising from a dataset of the overnight interbank transactions on the e-MID trading platform from January 1999 to December 2010. In order to shed light on the hierarchical structure of the banking system, we estimate di erent versions of a core-periphery model. Our main ndings are: (1) A core-periphery structure provides a better t for these interbank data than a...

The increase in oil prices the 1970s has had a quite significant impact over decades since rise inflation an on hyperinflation, recession, lowered productivity and economic growth. World Bank (2021) forecasts that will exceed US$44 per barrel 2021 US$50 2022, while several factors affect Bank's projections, including persistence of issues coming years. purpose this paper was to empirically asse...

Financial markets have been developed rapidly in recent years. New and sophisticated financial tools have been the cause of these developments which need new controlling systems to prevent crisis. Most of industrial economies have reformed regulatory structure of their financial systems. This paper reviews the regulatory developments of UK in this regard and offers new regulations and ...