The archaeological research of the last decades revealed that around beginning Middle Iron Age, at end 7th century BC, territory Northeast Hungary and Western Slovakia eastern part today’s Czech Republic were hit by an extensive series attacks. Approximately 20 fortified settlements are known today where bronze arrowheads, found along pristine hillfort walls, bear witness to devastating sieges ...

After the beginning of metal processing at the transition from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age, further knowledge of ore mining and smelting had spread from the Near East to central Europe. In the copper ore deposits of Schwaz, in the central part of the Alps, the oldest traces of copper mining derive from the early to middle Bronze Ages. Investigation of a middle to late Bronze Age (1410–920 c...

Metallography, SEM-EDS, and Raman Micro-Spectroscopy analysis were conducted on bronze dirk, sword, mirror excavated from the pit tomb No. 1-1 at 12th Point of Osong Site in Cheongju to study manufacturing techniques corrosion properties. The sword are judged be binary alloys Cu(79.16∼79.89 wt%)-Sn (19.12∼20.34 wt%). microstructure is a cast structure composed δ phase (α+δ) eutectoid, no heat t...

Long-term human-environmental interactions in naturally fragile drylands are a focus of geomorphological and geoarchaeological research. Furthermore, many dryland societies were also affected by seismic activity. The semi-arid Shiraki Plain the tectonically active southeastern Caucasus is currently covered steppe largely devoid settlements. However, numerous Late Bronze to Early Iron Age city-t...

early bronze age (eba) in the middle east is considered to be the dawn of civilization, spread of writing, and proto-urbanism; and mesopotamia was the center of these historical events. cultural material remains at the beginning of this period in this vast area – including western iran, caucasus (also beyond), anatolia, levant and northern mesopotamia – have wonderful similarities in spite of d...