We derive approximations for the service levels of two-echelon inventory systems with lost sales and Poisson demand. Our method is simple and accurate for a very broad range of problem instances, including cases with both high and low service levels. In contrast, existing methods only perform well for limited problem settings, or under restrictive assumptions.

It is often argued that both Luke and Paul regard the presence of the Spirit as essentially the same as the presence of the kingdom of God. This is true for Paul, who understands the Spirit as the means by which all may participate in the blessings of the kingdom (that is, the Spirit is the totality of the blessings of the kingdom). However, does such an assessment accurately reflect the Lukan ...

I this paper, we investigate the equilibrium behavior of decentralized supply chains with competing retailers under demand uncertainty. We also design contractual arrangements between the parties that allow the decentralized chain to perform as well as a centralized one. We address these questions in the context of two-echelon supply chains with a single supplier servicing a network of (competi...

In the two-echelon vehicle routing problem (2E-VRP), distribution network is split into two echelons. Different vehicles are operated on first and second echelon to maintain economies of scale adhere any restrictions that may be present in either echelon. Intermediate facilities located at borders echelons facilitate consolidation transshipment goods between Examples systems include express del...

Abstract Motivated by express and e-commerce companies’ distribution practices, we study a two-echelon electric vehicle routing problem. In this problem, fuel-powered vehicles are used to transport goods from depot intermediate facilities (satellites) in the first echelon, whereas vehicles, which have limited driving ranges need be recharged at recharging stations, transfer satellites customers...

This paper proposes a tabu search algorithm for the two-echelon vehicle routing problem with time windows and simultaneous pickup delivery (2E-VRPTWSPD), which is new variant of problem. 2E-VRPTWSPD involves three stages routing: (1) first-echelon vehicles start from depot to deliver cargoes satellites; (2) second-echelon satellites serve customers within in simultaneously manner finally return...

In supply chain networks, the flow of material occurs between various business entities such as suppliers, manufactures, distributors and retailers, which can be considered as the various echelons (levels) in a multi-echelon supply chain network. Spare parts supply chain management deals with optimizing stocking, purchasing, repairing and disposing activities of purchased parts and their compon...