The main role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) is to transfer the cognate amino acids to the 3'-end of their tRNA by strictly discriminating from non-cognate amino acids. Some aaRSs accomplish this via proofreading and editing mechanisms, among which valyl-tRNA synthetase (ValRS) hydrolyses the non-cognate amino acid, threonine. In ValRS, existence of pre-transfer editing process is still ...

RNA editing can alter individual nucleotides in primary transcripts, which can cause the amino acids encoded by edited RNA to deviate from the ones predicted from the DNA template. We investigated RNA editing sites of protein-coding genes from the chloroplast genome of cotton. Fifty-four editing sites were identified in 27 transcripts, which is the highest editing frequency found until no...

RNA-editing enzymes of the ADAR family convert adenosines to inosines in double-stranded RNA substrates. Frequently, editing sites are defined by base-pairing of the editing site with a complementary intronic region. The glutamate receptor subunit B (GluR-B) pre-mRNA harbors two such exonic editing sites termed Q/R and R/G. Data from ADAR knockout mice and in vitro editing assays suggest an int...

PURPOSE RNA editing generates protein diversity by altering RNA sequences in coding regions without changing the overall DNA sequence. Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing events have recently been reported in some types of cancer, but they are rare in human colorectal cancer (CRC). Therefore, this study was conducted to identify diverse RNA editing in CRC. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compa...

A comparison of the nucleotide sequences from genomic DNA and cDNA of the ndhB gene from maize chloroplasts shows that the ndhB transcript is edited by C-to-U transitions at six positions which appear to exist as editing sites also in the chloroplast ndhB genes from rice and tobacco but not from liverwort. In order to identify possible sequence determinants necessary for editing, the sequences ...

Yeast mitochondria contain a minimalist threonyl-tRNA synthetase (ThrRS) composed only of the catalytic core and tRNA binding domain but lacking the entire editing domain. Besides the usual tRNA(Thr)2, some budding yeasts, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also contain a non-canonical tRNA(Thr)1 with an enlarged 8-nucleotide anticodon loop, reprograming the usual leucine CUN codons to threonine...

Apolipoprotein B (apoB) mRNA is edited in rat liver and intestine to convert a CAA glutamine codon to a UAA translational stop codon by the direct conversion of cytidine to uridine at nucleotide 6666. We have proposed the 'mooring sequence' model for apoB RNA editing, in which editing complexes (editosomes) assemble on specific apoB mRNA flanking sequences to direct this site-specific editing e...

RNA editing by ADARs can change the coding potential of protein-coding mRNAs. So far, this type of RNA editing has mainly been shown to affect RNAs expressed in the nervous system with much lower editing levels being observed in other tissues. The actin crosslinking proteins filamin α and filamin β are widely expressed in most tissues. The mRNAs encoding either protein are edited at the same po...

Post-editing machine translations has been attracting increasing attention both as a common practice within the translation industry and as a way to evaluate Machine Translation (MT) quality via edit distance metrics between the MT and its post-edited version. Commonly used metrics such as HTER are limited in that they cannot fully capture the effort required for post-editing. Particularly, the...

The use of collaborative classroom interactional tasks is on the rise recently since they incorporate the negotiation of meaning and thus they may be regarded as one of the most efficient ways to ease a learner’s focus on form. This study investigated the immediate and long-term effects of reconstruction editing task on the learning of 20 academic vocabulary items through using five reconstruct...