Objectives We set out to investigate the prevalence, different mechanisms, and clonal relatedness of multidrug resistance (MDR) among third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative clinical isolates from Egypt. Materials and methods A total of 118 third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative clinical isolates were included in this study. Their antimicrobial susceptibility pa...

Numerous studies show efflux as a universal bacterial mechanism contributing to antibiotic resistance and also that the activity of the antibiotics subject to efflux can be enhanced by the combined use of efflux inhibitors. Nevertheless, the contribution of efflux to the overall drug resistance levels of clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is poorly understood and still is ignored b...

Corynebacterium glutamicum is used for the large-scale production of L-glutamate, but the efflux of this amino acid is poorly understood. This study shows that addition of ethambutol (EMB) to growing cultures of C. glutamicum causes L-glutamate efflux at rates of up to 15 nmol min(-1) (mg dry wt)(-1), whereas in the absence of EMB, no efflux occurs. EMB is used for the treatment of Mycobacteriu...

Increased expression of chromosomal genes for resistance-nodulation-cell division-type efflux systems plays a major role in the multidrug resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii Little is known about the genetic characteristics of clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannii lacking the AdeABC pump. In this study, we sequenced the genome of clinical strain Ab421 GEIH-2010 (belonging to clone ST79/...

Azole resistance in Candida albicans can be mediated by several resistance mechanisms. Among these, alterations of the azole target enzyme and the overexpression of multidrug efflux transporter genes are the most frequent. To identify additional putative azole resistance genes in C. albicans, a genomic library from this organism was screened for complementation of fluconazole hypersusceptibilit...

The early molecular dialogue between soybean and the bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum is crucial for triggering their symbiotic interaction. Here we found a single large genomic locus that is widely separated from the symbiosis island and was conspicuously induced within minutes after the addition of genistein. This locus (named BjG30) contains genes for the multidrug efflux pump, TetR family...

conclusions our results indicate that acetylation genes have an important role in aminoglycoside resistance of the enterococcus isolates from clinical samples. moreover, salmonella strains indicate very low level of aminoglycoside resistance, and aminoglycoside resistance genes were not found in salmonella isolates. these results indicate that other resistance mechanisms, including efflux pumps...

Ammonium (NH4+) is toxic to root growth in most plants, even at moderate concentrations. Transcriptional regulation one of the important mechanisms response plants NH4+ toxicity, but nature involvement transcription factors (TFs) this remains unclear. Here, RNA-seq analysis was performed on Arabidopsis roots screen for ammonium-responsive TFs. WRKY46, member WRKY factor family responsive NH4+, ...