Motivation is a reason for acting or behaving in particular way while learning structured combination of human elements, materials, facilities, equipment, and procedures that influence each other to achieve goals. In others words, motivation intrinsic, where learners are interested the course content, extrinsic, earning grade credit. an important factor students success from various backgrounds...

The increase in life expectance makes the diagnosis of PFO a possible and not easily manageable event in patients > 60-years-old due to the presence of different comorbidities and in particular of diastolic dysfunction which is considered as a contraindication to PFO closure. The literature review suggests that aged patients with PFO cannot be excluded “a priori” from PFO closure that should ev...

The Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) is a known clinical entity that presents as changes on neurological images (CT/MRI) with concomitant appearance of new onset neurological signs and symptoms. It complicates a diversity of diseases and the use of certain medication, mostly immunosuppressive, that should be taken into account when new clinical manifestations with neuroimagin...

One of important aspects of software projects is estimating the cost and time required to develop projects. Nowadays, this issue has become one of the key concerns of project managers. Accurate estimation of essential effort to produce and develop software is heavily effective on success or failure of software projects and it is highly regarded as a vital factor. Failure to achieve convincing a...

According to prominent models in cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and economics, effort (be it physical or mental) is costly: when given a choice, humans and non-human animals alike tend to avoid effort. Here, we suggest that the opposite is also true and review extensive evidence that effort can also add value. Not only can the same outcomes be more rewarding if we apply more (not less) eff...

We consider games played on finite graphs, whose goal is to obtain a trace belonging to a given set of winning traces. We focus on those states from which Player 1 cannot force a win. We explore and compare several criteria for establishing what is the preferable behavior of Player 1 from those states. Along the way, we prove several results of theoretical and practical interest, such as a char...

T presence of workers who reciprocate higher wages with greater effort can have important consequences for firms and labor markets. Knowledge about the extent and determinants of reciprocal effort choices is, however, incomplete. We investigate the role of fairness perceptions and social preferences in a field experiment in which workers were hired for a one-time job. We show that workers who p...