introduction: generally, subsidies are the amounts of government payments in order to provide all society members with minimum well-being. in several countries such as iran, the agriculture sector is supported by different methods to achieve goals such as increasing farmers' income, supporting domestic producers and eliminating dependence on imports, preserving employment and reducing poverty. ...

At the beginning of 2019, German Environment Agency established System for Guarantees Regional Origin (GRO). With help GROs, energy suppliers can show that a certain proportion or amount electricity originates from region. Even without some advertise regionality their tariffs. This trend raises question how to assess regional in economic terms supplier’s perspective. Therefore, we conducted exp...

Over half a million children in the United States are currently in foster care, many of whom are at risk for long-lasting emotional and health problems. Because research suggests that adoption may be one of the most promising options for the placement of these at-risk children, various policies have been introduced at all levels of government to encourage adoption. In 1980, Congress passed the ...

Larvae of intertidal species develop at sea and must return to adult habitats to replenish populations. Similarly, nutrients, detritus and plankton provide important subsidies spurring growth and reproduction of macroalgae and filter-feeding invertebrates that form the foundation of intertidal communities. Together, these factors determine the density and intensity of interactions among communi...

We provide a new modeling framework to analyze a subsidy allocation problem with endogenous market response, under a budget constraint on the total amount of subsidies that the central planner can pay. The central planner’s objective is to maximize the aggregated market consumption of a good, or equivalently, to maximize the consumer surplus. Using our framework, we identify sufficient conditio...

In this paper we examine the impact of the combined state and federal mortgage interest tax subsidies to homeownership on homeownership attainment, using panel data from 1984 to 2007 and exploiting the fact that the value of these subsidies may vary by income group across states and over time and depending on local housing market conditions and lending standards. We also exploit the fact that h...

This paper analyzes the joint design of innovation and competition policy. It focuses on collusion sustainability changes due to implementation of antitrust fines and R&D subsidies in an extension of a model by Miyagiwa (2009). Generic subsidies for R&D are found not to facilitate collusion, while additional subsidization to research joint ventures (RJVs) can be collusion facilitating. We also ...

Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 86 How was the decline of inclusion caused? .............................................................................. 88 Why is the decline of inclusion a problem for social action? ................................................ 90 Graduated (and ...

Financial safety nets are intended to reduce the likelihood and severity of financial crises that have macroeconomic externalities. While safety nets are intended to confer benefits on the macroeconomy, their design and implementation may confer disproportionate benefits on identifiable sectors, such as banks and depositors. In this study, we distinguish between safety net benefits and subsidie...