Beliefs about factors that affect school performance (means-ends or causality beliefs) and about self-efficacy and control (agency and control beliefs) were assessed in 313 East Berlin children (grades 2-6) before unification and 516 West Berlin children shortly after unification. Multiple-group analyses of mean and covariance structures yielded 2 major differences: (a) East Berlin children sho...

Spatial skill is highly related to success in math and science (e.g., Casey, Nuttall, Pezaris, & Benbow, 1995). However, little work has investigated the cognitive pathways by which the relation between spatial skill and math achievement emerges. We hypothesized that spatial skill plays a crucial role in the development of numerical reasoning by helping children to create a spatially meaningful...

OBJECTIVE To determine if a commonly used violence prevention curriculum, Second Step: A Violence Prevention Curriculum, leads to a reduction in aggressive behavior and an increase in prosocial behavior among elementary school students. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING Urban and suburban elementary schools in the state of Washington. PARTICIPANTS Six matched pairs of schools wi...

This study aims to: (1) develop media using miniature site plans in grade II elementary schools (2) determine the feasibility of developing plan learning media. research is a type Research and Development (R&D) with ADDIE model which includes five steps including: analysis, design, development, implementation, evaluation. The subjects this were expert validators, material experts, second sc...

PURPOSE To compare and correlate the performance of students with learning difficulties in rapid naming, reading and comprehension. METHODS Participants were 32 students from 4th grade of elementary school of both genders, with ages between 11 years and 4 months and 12 years and 7 months. The first and second oral reading of a text selected based on the indication of 4th grade teachers were c...

Mathematical problem solving requires cognitive flexibility. Bilingual children show advantages in cognitive flexibility as compared to monolingual children. Whether this bilingual cognitive advantage extends to mathematical skills is the focus of the present study. To measure children’s use of cognitive flexibility, worksheets containing 60 arithmetic problems of different operations were admi...

BACKGROUND Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are increasingly included in general education classrooms in an effort to improve their social involvement. METHODS Seventy-nine children with ASD and 79 randomly selected, gender-matched peers (88.6% male) in 75 early (K-1), middle (2nd-3rd), and late (4th-5th) elementary classrooms across 30 schools completed social network surveys ex...

Many interventions for social skills acquisition aim to decrease the gap between social skills deficits in the individual and normative social skills; nevertheless little is known of typical social skills according to age difference in students. In this study, we developed new quintet of Hokkaido Social Skills Inventory (HSSI) to identify age-appropriate social skills for school adaptation. Fir...