This study sought to test Robinson’s (1995, 2003b) cognition hypothesis by investigating the effects of cognitive task difficulty on ESL learners’ written and oral task performance. 1 Ten exchange students at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa were given four sets of picture-based narrative tasks: a simple writing task, a difficult writing task, a simple speaking task, and a difficult speaking ...

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) may play a key role in cognitive control by monitoring for the occurrence of response conflict (i.e. simultaneous activation of incompatible response tendencies). Low-frequency responding might provide a minimal condition for eliciting such conflict, as a result of the need to overcome a prepotent response tendency. We predicted that ACC would be selectively enga...

Abstract Citizens’ beliefs about uncertain events are fundamental variables in many areas of political science. While often conceptualized the form distributions, obtaining reliable measures terms full probability densities is a difficult task. In this letter, we ask if there an effective way eliciting as distributions context online surveys. Relying on experimental evidence, evaluate performan...