The phenology of parasitism of the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) by Tetrastichus julis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was studied in small grain fields from 2000 to 2005 in northern Utah, after release and redistribution of the partially bivoltine larval parasitoid during the 1990s. Host larvae first occurred in May, with peak infestation typically oc...

We investigated the effects of soil nutrient and water availability on the growth and chemistry of the silky willow ( Salix sericea Marshall), and on the performance of the imported willow leaf beetle ( Plagiodera versicolora Laichartig). Our major aims were to determine whether there are nutrient–water interactions on plant traits and whether this leads to parallel interactions for herbivore p...

Soybean viruses have become more problematic in recent years due to increased prevalence of insect vectors. The appearance of the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) in 2000 and the increasing levels of bean leaf beetle (Cerotoma trifurcata) have played important roles in increasing the range and severity of specific soybean viruses. Yield can be reduced, as well as diminished seed quality due to mo...

The variation in animal coloration patterns has evolved in response to different visual strategies for reducing the risk of predation. However, the perception of animal coloration by enemies is affected by a variety of factors, including morphology and habitat. We use the diversity of Australian chrysomeline leaf beetles to explore relationships of visual ecology to beetle morphology and color ...

The primitive Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) [1, 2, 3] with additive neurons and RBF kernels was implemented in batch mode. In this paper, its sequential modification based on recursive least-squares (RLS) algorithm, which referred as Online Sequential Extreme Learning Machine (OS-ELM), is introduced. Based on OS-ELM, Online Sequential Fuzzy Extreme Learning Machine (Fuzzy-ELM) is also introduc...

A total of 301 adult hispine beetles of the genera Cephaloleia and Chelobasis were found in rolled leaves of plants of 17 species of Zingiberales (families Costaceae, Heliconiaceae, Maranthaceae, Musaceae, and Zingiberaceae) during a field study at La Gamba, Golfito region, Costa Rica. Of these beetles, Cephaloleia belti was recorded from 12 potential host plant species, C. distincta from 7, C....

Computational intelligence techniques have been used in wide applications. Out of numerous computational intelligence techniques, neural networks and support vector machines (SVMs) have been playing the dominant roles. However, it is known that both neural networks and SVMs face some challenging issues such as: (1) slow learning speed, (2) trivial human intervene, and/or (3) poor computational ...

The extreme learning machine (ELM) that is proposed by Huang is designed based on single-hidden layer feedforward neural networks (SLFNs), which can randomly choose the parameters of hidden nodes and the output weights gotten analytically. So it can get the solution fastly. However, the learning time of ELM is mainly spent on calculating the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse matrices of the hid...