introduction as a dynamic phenomenon, boundary is one of the basic issues in political geography and geopolitics. it is not a geographical and fixed phenomenon; rather, it has its own internal dynamic features, creates new realities, and affects the lives of people and groups living in its vicinity. different types of boundaries, such as political, social, economic, and virtual can be impenetra...

intergenerational gap refers to the disturbance and crisis in the cultural sequence of generations, which leads to conflict in terms of values and norms between parents and children. until recently, this phenomenon has not been considered a serious issue in iranian society and the continuation of similar thought patterns through the generations has prevented the emergence of distance and variou...

Dividend policy has long been an issue of interest in the financial literature. To date, a number of studies published on agency costs and dividend policy but most of them are on developed markets, It is well known that the emerging markets are quite different from developed markets in all respects. So, the existing published evidence is of limited relevance in identifying the influence of agen...