hospital ethics committees (hecs) help clinicians deal with the ethical challenges which have been raised during clinical practice. a comprehensive literature review was conducted to provide a historical background of the development of hecs internationally and describe their functions and practical challenges of their day to day work. this is the first part of a comprehensive literature review...

biomedical ethics is a branch of professional or practical ethics that examine the moral aspects of profession of medicine. every professional ethics due its issues and problems determine an especial theory and principles. in this article after referring to the three branches of ethics and describing important schools of ethical theory we have explained the six main approaches to biomedical eth...

Watson (2003: 168) claims that ‘although increasing academic attention is being paid to business ethics, the ways in which ethical consideration come into activities and decisions of organizational managers have been examined in a very limited way’. This article contributes by suggesting an interesting way to study moral managerial decisions is studying these decisions in their discursive conte...

BACKGROUND Cluster randomized trials are an increasingly important methodological tool in health research. In cluster randomized trials, intact social units or groups of individuals, such as medical practices, schools, or entire communities--rather than individual themselves--are randomly allocated to intervention or control conditions, while outcomes are then observed on individual cluster mem...

Do human beings act morally because they obey socially defined rules and norms as the result of a routine of inculcated behaviors, or an embodied fear of sanction, or perhaps both? Conversely, do they act morally because they decide to do so as a consequence of a rational evaluation, or transformative endeavor, or inseparably both? In other words, do they follow a Kantian ethics of duty or an A...

Both normative theories of ethics in philosophy and contemporary models of moral judgment in psychology have focused almost exclusively on the permissibility of acts, in particular whether acts should be judged on the basis of their material outcomes (consequentialist ethics) or on the basis of rules, duties, and obligations (deontological ethics). However, a longstanding third perspective on m...

This paper surveys some of the quantitative empirical research in two areas of Marxist political economy: (a) Marxist national accounts, and (b) Marxist responses to the Sraffa-based critique of the 1970s. With respect to the first area, this paper explains the basic methodology underlying the construction of Marxist national accounts from traditional input-output data. With respect to the seco...

There is a growing interest in the ethics of Health Policy and Systems Research (HPSR), and especially in areas that have particular ethical salience across HPSR. Hyder et al (2014) provide an initial framework to consider this, and call for more conceptual and empirical work. In this paper, we respond by examining the ethical issues that arose for researchers over the course of conducting thre...

Global gas flaring harms human and non-human health well-being while contributing to climate change. Flaring activity in the global oil sector is a significant matter of energy justice – concerning distribution risks, benefits harms, recognition rights, decision-making influence within gas-flaring-affected communities. This mixed method empirical ethical analysis combines Q-methodology stakehol...