UNLABELLED Insects commonly harbor facultative bacterial endosymbionts, such as Wolbachia and Spiroplasma species, that are vertically transmitted from mothers to their offspring. These endosymbiontic bacteria increase their propagation by manipulating host reproduction or by protecting their hosts against natural enemies. While an increasing number of studies have reported endosymbiont-mediate...

The freshwater genus Unruhdinium includes dinoflagellates hosting a tertiary diatom endosymbiont. Some of the species belonging to this form high-biomass blooms. In study, data on ecology, morphology and molecular identity penardii were reported for first time from Mediterranean reservoir (Cedrino Lake, Sardinia, Italy). ecology its bloom events examined along multiannual series (2010-2017). Ce...

The evolutionary persistence of symbiotic associations is a puzzle. Adaptation should eliminate cooperative traits if it is possible to enjoy the advantages of cooperation without reciprocating-a facet of cooperation known in game theory as the Prisoner's Dilemma. Despite this barrier, symbioses are widespread and may have been necessary for the evolution of complex life. The discovery of strat...