In resource-limited populations, an increase in average body size can occur only with a decline in abundance. This is known as self-thinning, and the decline in abundance in food-limited populations is considered proportional to the scaling of metabolism with body mass. This popular hypothesis may be inaccurate, because self-thinning populations can also experience density-dependent competition...

Food insecurity—defined as limited or unpredictable access to nutritionally adequate food—is associated with higher body mass in humans and birds. It is widely assumed that food insecurity-induced fattening caused by increased consumption, but there little evidence supporting this any species. We developed a novel technology for measuring foraging, intake small groups of aviary-housed European ...

Within the forest canopy, the shortest gaps between tree crowns lie between slender terminal branches. While the compliance of these supports has previously been shown to increase the energetic cost of gap crossing in arboreal animals (e.g. Alexander 1991 Z. Morphol. Anthropol. 78, 315-320; Demes et al. 1995 Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 96, 419-429), field observations suggest that some primates may...

Animals respond to environmental variation by exhibiting a number of different behaviours and/or rates of activity, which result in corresponding variation in energy expenditure. Successful animals generally maximize efficiency or rate of energy gain through foraging. Quantification of all features that modulate energy expenditure can theoretically be modelled as an animal energetic niche or po...

The 4.62μm absorption band, observed along the line-of-sight towards various young stellar objects, is generally used as a qualitative indicator for energetic processing of interstellar ice mantles. This interpretation is based on the excellent fit with OCN−, which is readily formed by ultraviolet (UV) or ion-irradiation of ices containing H2O, CO and NH3. However, the assignment requires both ...

Purpose: As electric locomotives work in changing load conditions, the question on how traction drive energetic efficiency indicators depend being realized capacity has important meaning. The task is set to get course of experimental research — main coefficient, usage coefficient and asynchronous new freight 2(3)ES5S “Ataman” family at with load. Methods: Studies are given full-size bench for t...