Centered numerical fluxes can be constructed for compressible Euler equations which preserve kinetic energy in the semi-discrete finite volume scheme. The essential feature is that the momentum flux should be of the form f m j+ 1 2 = p̃j+ 1 2 +uj+ 1 2 f ρ j+ 2 where uj+ 2 = (uj+uj+1)/2 and p̃j+ 1 2 , f ρ j+ 1 2 are any consistent approximations to the pressure and the mass flux. This scheme thus ...

The holographic principle is used to discuss the holographic dark energy model. We find that the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy bound is far from saturation under certain conditions. A more general constraint on the parameter of the holographic dark energy model is also derived. PACS numbers: 98.80.Cq, 98.80.Es, 04.90.+e Holography and holographic dark energy model 2 The studies of black hole therm...

in this study at first , an azo dye, 2,7- naphthalenediol, 2-[(4-bromophenyl)azo (bpand) as a ligand has been synthesized by addition of p-bromoaniline to the modified montomorillonite k10 clay. this ligand was characterized using 1h-nmr, uv-vis and ir spectroscopies. subsequently, its interaction with calf thymus deoxyribonucleicacid ,ct-dna was investigated in 5 mm phosphate buffer solution, ...

A generally relativistic theory of thermodynamics is developed, based on four main physical principles: heat is a local form of energy, therefore described by a thermal energy tensor; conservation of mass, equivalent to conservation of heat, or the local first law; entropy is a local current; and non-destruction of entropy, or the local second law. A fluid is defined by the thermostatic energy ...

Transformer differential protection may be of malfunction at the emergence of inrush current, and it will affect the normal operation of the transformer. So the paper puts forward a new application of wavelet energy spectrum entropy-neural network theory in transformer microcomputer protection, in which the multi-resolution analysis of wavelet transform and information entropy technology are co...

We report a new free energy decomposition that includes structure-derived atomic contact energies for the desolvation component, and show that it applies equally well to the analysis of single-domain protein folding and to the binding of flexible peptides to proteins. Specifically, we selected the 17 single-domain proteins for which the three-dimensional structures and thermodynamic unfolding f...

This study applies a novel computational method to study molecular recognition for three sets of synthetic hosts: molecular clips, molecular tweezers, and a synthetic barbiturate receptor. The computed standard free energies of binding for the 12 binding reactions agree closely with experiment and provide insight into the roles of configurational entropy, preorganization, and induced fit in the...

The second law of thermodynamics is on one hand understood to account for irrevocable flow of energy from the top down, on the other hand it is seen to imply irreversible increase of disorder. This tension between the 2 stances is resolved in favor of the free energy consumption when entropy is derived from the statistical mechanics of open systems. The change in entropy is shown to map directl...

The paper deals with the concept of entropy in different contexts. The mathematical description is the common denominator for entropy in all off these contexts: in physics entropy is a measure for the usability of energy (Clausius' macro-concept as well as Boltzmann's combined micro-macro-approach); in communication theory (Shannon) entropy is a measure for the degree of surprise or novelty of ...