Abstract Concerns over the weaponization of energy during war in Ukraine have revived state anxieties about overreliance on certain foreign sources. This Essay argues that instruments trade and investment protection helped to lock states into dangerous dependencies. Trade law can inhibit security strategies designed diversify away from unreliable sources block suspicious investors. With used as...

The paper examines the Porter and induced-innovation hypotheses in a firm model where: (i) the firm has a vintage capital technology with two complementary factors, energy and capital ; (ii) scrapping is endogenous; (iii) technological progress is energy-saving and endogenous through purposive R&D investment; (iv) the innovation rate increases with R&D investment and decreases with complexity ;...

Mothers of eastern wood rats (Neotoma floridana) normally invest their lactation energy equally in male and female offspring, but alter that investment when their food is severely restricted during lactation. The effect of the altered investment is a significant bias against males in both mortality and growth.

The industrial sector accounts for about a third of the energy usage in the United States. Given the potential of energy savings from the industrial sector, it is important to look at the factors influencing industrial firms’ decision to adopt energy efficiency measures. The Industrial Assessment Centers (IAC) program offered by U.S. Department of Energy provides free energy efficiency assessme...