Edinburgh, Scotland’s capital city, is host for this year’s conference. Edinburgh is an ancient city built on seven hills beside the Firth of Forth. Responsible for the Scottish Reformation and Enlightenment, it is now both a UNESCO world heritage site and one of the UK’s strongest economies. It is home to the world’s largest arts festival and is regularly voted as the best place to live in the...

At the end of twentieth and beginning twenty-first century there is a widespread renewal interest in “Project Enlightenment” its relevance for present day. The subject has rarely been touched upon Russia. However, concept “enlightenment” can be found Russian present-day public discourse. Here different traditions interpretation enlightenment are taken up once more. changes modifications intelle...

thinkers, the "science of man" meant exactly that and did not include women; and that "nature" provided the foundation of difference, not its erasure. Additional exploration of the meaning of "science" is provided by Phillip Sloan in his magisterial essay on the natural history of man. He concentrates on Linnaeus and Buffon, practising scientists with very different views of what constituted hu...

At the beginning of 20th century, representatives Indo-Kazakh literature, who initially promoted idea enlightenment, wanted to modernize society, calling for this through their works. The evidence offered in article will be used determine cause phenomenon. After studying works writers from both countries, it was clear that each them a sympathizer his people and an educator shared work with them...

A life devoted to the study of antisocial behavior and anomalous sexual preferences is examined. Although successive ontogenetic intellectual metamorphoses have yielded theoretical and applied progress, future reincarnations will be necessary for the achievement of full enlightenment.

Global and transnational history women’s gender are dynamic historiographical currents that invite more intense cross-fertilization—especially in studies on the Enlightenment its open legacy. Our article seeks to stimulate theoretical methodological discussion how these approaches might fruitfully interact. What can a perspective add current perspectives global Enlightenment? And vice-versa, wh...

LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY, BODY TEMPERATURE, and many biological functions are regulated by the circadian timing system in mammals. This system efficiently orchestrates physiology so that living organisms adapt to environmental cycles through partly elucidated complex and interacting dynamic mechanisms (15). The study reported by Colwell et al. (6) in this issue of the American Journal of Physiology-R...

Jones & Love (J&L) should have given more attention to Agnostic uses of Bayesian methods for the statistical analysis of models and data. Reliance on the frequentist analysis of Bayesian models has retarded their development and prevented their full evaluation. The Ecumenical integration of Bayesian statistics to analyze Bayesian models offers a better way to test their inferential and predictive

Joseph Priestley (1733–1804) was the first person to report the discovery of oxygen and describe some of its extraordinary properties. As such he merits a special place in the history of respiratory physiology. In addition his descriptions in elegant 18th-century English were particularly arresting, and rereading them never fails to give a special pleasure. The gas was actually first prepared b...