In this paper, utilization of clustering algorithms for data fusion in decision level is proposed. The results of automatic isolated word recognition, which are derived from speech spectrograph and Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) analysis, are combined with each other by using fuzzy clustering algorithms, especially fuzzy k-means and fuzzy vector quantization. Experimental results show that the ...

From the commercial extract of the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, a new diterpene glycoside was isolated besides the known steviol glycosides including stevioside, rebaudiosides A-F, rubusoside and dulcoside A. The new compound was identified as 13-[(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy] ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-(2-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl) ester ...

Working papers are in draft form. This w orking paper is d istributed for purposes of com m ent and d iscussion only. I t m ay not be reprod uced w ithout perm ission of the copyright hold er. Copies of w orking papers are available from the author.

Objective To determine IL-1 , TNF , IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13 expression by freshly isolated peripheral blood (PBMC) and synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMC) in early, never-treated (ENT-RA) and non-acute, treated rheumatoid arthritis (NAT-RA) patients. To elucidate whether excessive or inadequate interleukin (IL) and metalloprotease (MMP) expression is influenced by the dis...

Due to the profound extent to which natural products inspire medicinal chemists in drug discovery, there is demand for innovative syntheses of these often complex materials. This article describes the synthesis of tricarbocyclic natural product architectures through an extension of the enantioselective Birch-Cope sequence with intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions. Additionally, pa...

For N otre Dame Security, a foot­ ball game boils dow n to one om inous fact the cam pus’ normal population of 12,000 bulges to around 60,000 literally overnight. "There aren ’t many cities that do that, ” said Rex Rakow, d irector of N otre Dame Security. University security doesn’t handle the influx alone. A com plex arrangem ent o f city, county, state and N otre Dame law enforcem ent offici...

Three strains of facultatively anaerobic thermotolerant and moderately halophilic bacteria were isolated from two Jordanian hot spring locations. The novel Bacillus strains were short rods, Gram-positive, motile and spore formers. The strains were capable of anaerobic (but not aerobic) growth at 63C, moderately halophilic, able to grow at NaCl concentration range of 12 15 % and at temperatures ...

The broad application of chemical crop protectants and intensive plant breeding for the devel­ opm ent o f agriculture and the management of plant disease have created conditions of environ­ mental concern. Molecular genetic methods are being applied to the analysis of phytopathogenic fungi and their corresponding diseases. Rapid developm ent o f this research field will permit the isolation an...

Basic services are essential to reducing poverty and im proving quality of life. This working paper focuses on health, education, energy and water. These services contribute to achieving the M illennium D evelopm ent G oals, as well as being goals in them selves. O ver the past twenty years or so, the way in which these services are provided has been subject to considerable policy debate. There...

We report the impact of respiratory viruses on various outbreak settings by using surveillance data from the late first and second wave periods of the 2009 pandemic. A total of 278/345(78·5%) outbreaks tested positive for at least one respiratory virus by multiplex PCR. We detected A(H1N1)pdm09 in 20·6% of all reported outbreaks of which 54·9% were reported by camps, schools, and day cares (CSD...