A two-membrane system, or envelope, surrounds plastids. Because of the integration of chloroplast metabolism within the plant cell, the envelope is the site of many specific transport activities. However, only a few proteins involved in the processes of transport across the chloroplast envelope have been identified already at the molecular level. To discover new envelope transporters, we develo...

Chloroplast envelope polypeptides from spinach were separated into several fractions on the basis of their solubility in a mixture of chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) or in 0.1 N NaOH. Using a simple two dimension procedure for gel electrophoresis, we resolved up to 70 polypeptides. The envelope is characterized by the preponderance of high molecular weight polypeptides (Mr > 54,000), many of...

Barrier activity of skin and internal barrier-forming epithelial linings are conferred by a lipid-corneocyte structure (stratum corneum in skin). The integrity of the corneocytes depends on the outer cornified envelope and is essential for maintenance of barrier function. During epidermal development and differentiation, proteins are sequentially incorporated into the envelope via action of epi...

The envelope process is a useful analytical tool which is often used to study wave groups. Most research on statistical properties of the envelope, and thus of wave groups, was focused on one dimensional records. However for the marine application, an appropriate concept should be two dimensional in space and variable in time. Although a generalization to higher dimensions was introduced by Adl...

QIN, JIFENG. A Low Noise, High Efficiency Envelope Modulator Structure for EDGE Polar Modulation. (Under the direction of Dr. Alex Q. Huang). Dynamic supply of power amplifiers in wireless transmitters can overcome the linearity-efficiency tradeoff issue in power amplifiers design, and envelope modulator is the key block in the dynamic supply system, low noise and high efficiency implementation...

Understanding the evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope during disease progression can provide tremendous insights for vaccine development, and simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infection of non-human primate provides an ideal platform for such studies. A newly developed clade C SHIV, SHIV-1157ipd3N4, which was able to infect rhesus macaques, closely res...

Three experiments were designed to provide psychophysical evidence for the existence of envelope information in the temporal fine structure (TFS) of stimuli that were originally amplitude modulated (AM). The original stimuli typically consisted of the sum of a sinusoidally AM tone and two unmodulated tones so that the envelope and TFS could be determined a priori. Experiment 1 showed that norma...

The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is coated with large (L), middle (M), and small (S) envelope proteins encoded by coinfecting hepatitis B virus (HBV). To study the role of the HBV envelope proteins in the assembly and infectivity of HDV, we produced three types of recombinant particles in Huh7 cells by transfection with HBV DNA and HDV cDNA: (i) particles with an envelope containing the S HBV en...

I consider three processes which enhance mass loss rate from a common envelope of a giant star with a main sequence or a white dwarf companion spiraling-in inside its envelope. I consider deposition of orbital energy and orbital angular momentum to the giant’s envelope, and in more detail the formation of jets by an accreting companion and their propagation in the envelope. I find that in many ...

We have analyzed the interaction of soluble nuclear lamins with the nuclear envelope by microinjection of normal and mutated lamins into the cytoplasm of Xenopus laevis oocytes. Our results demonstrate that the conserved cysteine of the carboxy-terminal tetrapeptide Cys Ala/Ser Ile Met of lamins is essential for their association with the nuclear envelope. Removal of this sequence or replacemen...