Two of the authors (van Benthem and Pacuit) recently introduced evidence logic as a way to model epistemic agents faced with possibly contradictory evidence from different sources. For this the authors used neighborhood semantics, where a neighborhood N indicates that the agent has reason to believe that the true state of the world lies in N . A normal belief modality is defined in terms of the...

In the aspectual linguistic literature, a connection between imperfective aspect and modality/subjectivity is quite often mentioned. This article investigates a possible counterargument to this connection by analyzing modal readings of tenses in Russian. Two types of uses of tenses are described: (1) temporal reading of the tense with a modal inference and (2) strictly modal reading of the tens...

This paper explores three questions about the semantics of free relatives (FRs). One, do FRs have a uniform meaning? Two, related to one, what is the contribution of ever? And three, perhaps less discussed than the other two, what is the relation between identity and free choice (FC) readings of FRs with ever? It claims that FRs are always definite. Ever introduces a type of modality that is in...

Recent years witnessed a growing interest in non-standard epistemic logics of knowing whether, knowing how, knowing what, knowing why and so on. The new epistemic modalities introduced in those logics all share, in their semantics, the general schema of ∃x φ , e.g., knowing how to achieve φ roughly means that there exists a way such that you know that it is a way to ensure that φ . Moreover, th...

Epistemic modality is described as the speaker's judgment, assessing degree of factual proposition, or confidence non-confidence in truth value proposition. The paper focuses on expression “thấy”, “nghĩ” predicates Vietnamese and compares with mental verbs English. To achieve research objectives, uses descriptive, statistical comparative methods to clarify general epistemic particular. initiall...

The article introduces the concept of illocutionary pragmatic adaptation (IPA) as a local translation aimed at replacing, de-intensifying or strengthening modality in Ukrainian translations English-language soft law texts. idea IPA is based on premises forces–modality correlation, their graded nature added by adaptation, its types, criteria, and strategies. Basic means include shall-associated ...

Three formal approaches to public knowledge are “any fool” knowledge by McCarthy (1970), Common Knowledge by Halpern and Moses (1990), and Justified Knowledge by Artemov (2004). We compare them to mathematically address the observation that the light-weight systems of Justified Knowledge and ‘any fool knows’ suffice to solve standard epistemic puzzles for which heavier solutions based on Common...

Security protocols specify the communication required to achieve security objectives, e.g., data-privacy. Such protocols are used in electronic media: e-commerce, e-banking, e-voting, etc. Formal verification is used to discover protocol-design flaws. In this thesis, we use a multiagent systems approach built on temporal-epistemic logic to model and analyse a bounded number of concurrent sessio...