Ammoniated electrons exist in solutions of potassium amide in liquid ammonia which have reached thermodynamic equilibrium with hydrogen gas. By determining electron concentrations by electron spin resonance, an equilibrium constant of 10(5) at room temperature has been obtained.

The Gibbs conditions of stable thermodynamic equilibrium are formulated for nonlinear thermoelastic materials, based on the constrained minimization of four fundamental thermodynamic potentials. Sufficient conditions for incremental stability are stated in each case. The previously unexplored connections between the second-order variations of thermodynamic potentials are used to establish the c...

cationic copolymer gels of acrylamide and [(methacrylamido) propyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride (maptac) were synthesized by free radical aqueous solution polymerization. the taguchi method, a robust experimental design, was employed for the optimization of the synthesis based on the equilibrium swelling capacity of the hydrogels. based on taguchi method a standard l16 orthogonal array with fiv...

using hartree–fock (hf) and ِِdensity functional theory (dft) calculations the thermodynamic properties such as thermal energy , , thermal enthalpy , , thermal entropy , , thermal gibbs free energy , , heat capacity ,cv, and molecular structures of several species involving in keto↔enol tautomerism related to acetaldehyde (a), 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (dimedone) and  acetylacetone (aa) h...

Hydroxyapatite nanocrystals were synthesized by sol-gel combustion method for the sorption ofHg(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The effects of varying parameters such as pH, temperature, initialmetal concentration, and contact time on the adsorption process were examined. Adsorptionequilibrium was established in 360 minutes and the maximum adsorption of Hg(II) on thehydroxyapatite was observed...

In this investigation a non-equilibrium thermodynamic model of the temperature dependent biological growth of a living systems has been analyzed. The results are derived on the basis of Gompertzian growth equation. In this model, we have considered the temperature dependent growth rate and development parameter. The non-equilibrium thermodynamic model is also considered for exploring the variat...

Equilibrium sampling can be applied to measure freely dissolved concentrations (cfree) of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) that are considered effective concentrations for diffusive uptake and partitioning. It can also yield concentrations in lipids at thermodynamic equilibrium with the sediment (clip⇌sed) by multiplying concentrations in the equilibrium sampling polymer with lipid to polym...