In this paper an approximation for entropy rate of an ergodic Markov chain via sample path simulation is calculated. Although there is an explicit form of the entropy rate here, the exact computational method is laborious to apply. It is demonstrated that the estimated entropy rate of Markov chain via sample path not only converges to the correct entropy rate but also does it exponential...

In this note we intend to present basic ergodic theory. We begin with the notion of a measure preserving transformation. We then define ergodicity and provide examples. Finally we sketch Birkhoff’s Ergodic Theorem and elucidate it with some examples.

A fully electromechanically coupled, three dimensional phenomenological constitutive model for relaxor ferroelectric materials was developed the use in a finite-element-method (FEM) solution procedure. This macroscopic used to simulate electromechanical response of lead-free ergodic [Formula: see text] and non-ergodic materials. The presented is capable accounting observed pinched hysteretic as...

We study a generalized notion of a homogeneous skew-product extension of a probability-preserving base system in which the homogeneous space fibres can vary over the ergodic decomposition of the base. The construction of such extensions rests on a simple notion of ‘direct integral’ for a ‘measurable family’ of homogeneous spaces, which has a number of precedents in older literature. The main co...

We consider the system of N (≥ 2) hard disks of masses m1, . . . , mN and radius r in the flat unit torus T. We prove the ergodicity (actually, the B-mixing property) of such systems for almost every selection (m1, . . . , mN ; r) of the outer geometric parameters. Primary subject classification: 37D50 Secondary subject classification: 34D05

Szemerédi’s Theorem asserts that any positive-density subset of the integers must contain arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions. It is one of the central results of additive combinatorics. After Szemeredi’s original combinatorial proof, Furstenberg noticed the equivalence of this result to a new phenomenon in ergodic theory that he called ‘multiple recurrence’. Furstenberg then developed som...

We study the fiber Lyapunov exponents of step skew-product maps over a complete shift of N , N ≥ 2, symbols and with C1 diffeomorphisms of the circle as fiber maps. The systems we study are transitive and genuinely nonhyperbolic, exhibiting simultaneously ergodic measures with positive, negative, and zero exponents. We derive a multifractal analysis for the topological entropy of the level sets...

In multi-(core/mode) optical fiber communication, the transmission channel can be modeled as a complex sub-matrix of the Haar-distributed unitary matrix (complex Jacobi unitary ensemble). In this letter, we present new analytical expressions of the upper and lower bounds for the ergodic capacity of multiple-input multiple-output Jacobi-fading channels. Recent results on the determinant of the J...