Antarctic notothenioids dominate the fish fauna of the Southern Ocean. Evolution for millions of years at cold and stable temperatures has led to the acquisition of numerous biochemical traits that allow these fishes to thrive in sub-zero waters. The gain of antifreeze glycoproteins has afforded notothenioids the ability to avert freezing and survive at temperatures often hovering near the free...

temperature is one of the essential elements of forming a climate and plays a crucial role in the lives of flora, fauna and human activities. the extreme temperature is one of the thermal indexes in meteorological and climatological studies. the extreme temperature is divided into two types: the extreme warm and extreme cold. the extreme warm includes the temperatures much above the normal valu...

Land use and land cover changes (LUCC) are thought to be amongst the most important impacts exerted by humans on climate. However, relatively little research has been carried out so far on the effects of LUCC on extreme climate change other than on regional temperatures and precipitation. In this paper, we apply a regional weather research and forecasting (WRF) climate model using LUCC data fro...

Background: Recovery strategies are often used with the intention of preventing or minimising muscle soreness after exercise. Whole-body cryotherapy, which involves a single or repeated exposure(s) to extremely cold dry air (below -100 °C) in a specialised chamber or cabin for two to four minutes per exposure, is currently being advocated as an effective intervention to reduce muscle soreness a...

Introduction: Extreme altitude travel has gained popularity globally for adventurous, scientific, and military endeavors. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) at extreme altitude is a rare, covert, and emergent condition requiring immediate intervention. Case Presentation: A case of CVST masqueraded as high altitude cerebral edema (HACE) at 6700 m/22000 ft i...

INTRODUCTION A significant number of military personnel suffer from exertional heat illness, with some extreme cases resulting in death. These illnesses may occur without warning, they are often characterised by a rapid onset and can occur even in experienced personnel. Various field treatments for hyperthermia have been developed, and one of particular interest is the use cold-water immersion....

This paper uses hedonic methods and variation in wages and housing costs to estimate households’ valuation of climate amenities. We find that, on the margin, household are willing to pay more to reduce extreme heat than to reduce extreme cold. Combining these estimates with climate forecasts for the United States, we find that an 8.3°F increase in the average U.S. temperature will result in wel...

This paper uses hedonic methods and variation in wages and housing costs to estimate households’ valuation of climate amenities. We find that, on the margin, households are willing to pay more to reduce extreme heat than to reduce extreme cold. Combining these estimates with “business as usual” climate forecasts for the United States, we find welfare losses in most areas by 2100, with particula...

Psychrophiles thrive permanently in the various cold environments on Earth. Their unsuspected ability to remain metabolically active in the most extreme low temperature conditions provides insights into a possible cold step in the origin of life. More specifically, metabolically active psychrophilic bacteria have been observed at -20 °C in the ice eutectic phase (i.e., the liquid veins between ...

The High Arctic winter is expected to be altered through ongoing and future climate change. Winter precipitation and snow depth are projected to increase and melt out dates change accordingly. Also, snow cover and depth will play an important role in protecting plant canopy from increasingly more frequent extreme winter warming events. Flower production of many Arctic plants is dependent on mel...