Although there is a lot of country and regional variation, the overwhelming story across much of Africa and Asia is one of more small farms, shrinking farm sizes and increased income diversification. Despite growth, sometimes quite rapid growth, in national per capita incomes, there is little sign yet of a shift to the patterns of farm consolidation and matching levels of rural-urban migration ...

The rain-fed mechanized agricultural sub-sector of the Sudan has high potential of building a national food stock and foreign exchange earnings, which could contribute substantially to agricultural development and hence the development of the whole economy as well. However, the agricultural production in this sub-sector is generally characterized by a high degree of instability, which arises fr...

In recent years, wind farm layout optimization (WFLO) has been extendedly developed to address the minimization of turbine wake effects in a farm. Considering that increasing degrees freedom decision space can lead more efficient solutions an problem, this work WFLO problem grants total area shape is addressed for first time. We apply multi-objective with power output (PO) and electricity cable...

Growing numbers and increased stocking of marine mussel farms make reliable techniques for environmental effect assessment a priority. Previously, we showed how the color intensity of soft sediment could be used to estimate its acid volatile sulfide (AVS) content, a product of the anaerobic microbial degradation of organic matter deposits. We then proposed to include assessments of the AVS farm...

Background: The Taiwan Area includes the main island of Taiwan and several small associated islands, which are located off the coast of Southern China. The eastern two-thirds of Taiwan’s main island are characterized by rugged mountains covered with tropical and subtropical vegetation. Western Taiwan’s main island is characterized by flat to gently rolling plains. The geographical distribution ...